Synthetic Educational Dataset Analysis

Austin Nicolas

2024-11-20

Background

There has been a recent increase in machine learning being used for educational research and to inform educational practices. However, all the data used is empirical and using this data risks privacy leaks. At the same time, there have been great advances in the usage of purely synthetic data to improve machine learning models and train models without needing any empirical data. Our work in Nicolas and Sakib 2024 bridged this gap by creating a purely synthetic educational dataset to improve educational research and practices. To learn more about this work visit the github page.

Data Generation Flowchart

The following flowchart, taken from the conference paper Nicolas and Sakib 2024, shows the process used for generating each observation in the dataset.

Data Generation Flowchart
Data Generation Flowchart

Here we show the code used to generate a single observation which is one student. This was run 100,000 times to generate the dataset this work analyzes.

def generate_single_sample(self):
        """
        Generate a single sample of synthetic data.
        :return: Dictionary representing a single data sample.
        """
        try:
            first_name = random.choice(self.first_names)
            last_name = random.choice(self.last_names)
            ethnoracial_group = self.assign_demographic(self.ethnoracial_stats, self.ethnoracial_dist)
            gender = self.assign_demographic(self.gender_stats, self.gender_dist)
            international_status = self.assign_demographic(self.international_stats, self.international_dist)
            socioeconomic_status = self.assign_demographic(self.socioeconomic_stats, self.socioeconomic_dist)
            identities = [ethnoracial_group, gender, international_status]
            learning_style = self.generate_learning_style()
            student_semester = np.random.randint(0, 15)
            gpa = self.generate_gpa(student_semester)
            major = self.choose_major(student_semester, gender)
            extracurricular_activities = self.generate_identity_org(identities)

            previous_courses = []
            subjects = []
            career_aspirations_list = []

            # Iterate through each semester the student has been at the school.
            # Courses, subjects or interest, career aspirations and extracurriculars
            # all interact with one another.
            for semester in range(student_semester + 1):
                previous_courses = self.generate_previous_courses(semester, learning_style, previous_courses, major)
                num_courses = len(previous_courses)
                top_subject, class_count = self.most_common_class_subject(previous_courses)
                subjects = self.generate_subjects_of_interest(previous_courses, subjects, major, top_subject, career_aspirations_list)
                career_aspirations_list = self.generate_career_aspirations(career_aspirations_list, subjects, major, extracurricular_activities)
                extracurricular_activities = self.generate_extracurricular_activities(subjects, extracurricular_activities, major, career_aspirations_list)

                # If the student has been there for 4 or more semesters and has enough courses,
                # including those in their major then make them graduate by breaking the loop
                if semester >= 8 and num_courses >= 32 and class_count >= 8:
                    student_semester = semester
                    break

            if logging.getLogger().isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                logging.debug("Iterated through %s semesters", student_semester)

            # Split the tuples into course name, course type, and course subject
            # Ex: Intro Asian American Studies, Discussion/Recitation, AAS
            course_names = [course[0] for course in previous_courses]
            course_type = list(set([tuple(course[2]) for course in previous_courses]))
            course_subject = list(set([course[3] for course in previous_courses]))

            # Create weighted lists based on how often an element was in a list
            subjects, subject_weights = self.create_weighted_list(subjects)
            extracurricular_activities, activity_weights = self.create_weighted_list(extracurricular_activities)
            career_aspirations_list, career_weights = self.create_weighted_list(career_aspirations_list)

            # Majors are weighted by semester and gpa
            major_weights = [student_semester * gpa if student_semester != 0 else 0] * len(major)

            # Generate the future topics
            future_topics = self.generate_future_topics(subjects, subject_weights, extracurricular_activities, activity_weights, career_aspirations_list, career_weights, major, major_weights)

            # Create the new 'student'
            sample_data = {
                'first name': first_name,
                'last name': last_name,
                'ethnoracial group': ethnoracial_group,
                'gender': gender,
                'international status': international_status,
                'socioeconomic status': socioeconomic_status,
                'learning style': learning_style,
                'gpa': gpa,
                'student semester': student_semester,
                'major': major,
                'previous courses': course_names,
                'course types': course_type,
                'course subjects': course_subject,
                'subjects of interest': subjects,
                'extracurricular activities': extracurricular_activities,
                'career aspirations': career_aspirations_list,
                'future topics': future_topics
            }

            if logging.getLogger().isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                logging.debug("Single sample generated")
            return sample_data
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error(f"Error generating sample: {e}")
            return None

Motivating the Analysis

The work took this dataset and privatized it and then used machine learning to predict the privacy-utility tradeoff of the different privatization methods. However, the question of the accuracy of the original purely synthetic dataset remains. This work addresses this by running a variety of descriptive statistics on the dataset and comparing the results to both the algorithm that produced the dataset and the intended connections and distributions.

The Dataset

First we import the purely synthetic educational dataset and look at the top 100 entries of the dataset:

dataset <- read_csv("Dataset.csv")

htmltools::div(
  id = "unaltered-dataset-table",
  DT::datatable(dataset[1:100, ],
              options = list(pageLength = 1))
)

Now we do some minimal preprocessing to prepare the dataset for analysis. The following code renames columns and converts some variables to factors. A dictionary connecting actual column names with how they would be written in a sentence is made using the Asai (2020) package.

dataset <- dataset |> # Rename the dataset columns and convert some to factors
  rename(first_name = `first name`) |>
  rename(last_name = `last name`) |>
  rename(ethnoracial_group = `ethnoracial group`) |>
  mutate(ethnoracial_group = as.factor(ethnoracial_group)) |>
  mutate(gender = as.factor(gender)) |>
  rename(international_status = `international status`) |>
  mutate(international_status = as.factor(international_status)) |>
  rename(socioeconomic_status = `socioeconomic status`) |>
  mutate(socioeconomic_status = as.factor(socioeconomic_status)) |>
  rename(learning_style = `learning style`) |>
  rename(student_semester = `student semester`) |>
  rename(previous_courses = `previous courses`) |>
  rename(course_types = `course types`) |>
  rename(course_subjects = `course subjects`) |>
  rename(subjects_of_interest = `subjects of interest`) |>
  rename(extracurricular_activities = `extracurricular activities`) |>
  rename(career_aspirations = `career aspirations`) |>
  rename(future_topics = `future topics`)

# Create a dataset of column names
dataset_col_names <- dict(
    "Ethnoracial Group" = "ethnoracial_group",
    "Gender" = "gender",
    "International Student Status" = "international_status",
    "Socioeconomic Status" = "socioeconomic_status",
    "Learning Style" = "learning_style",
    "GPA" = "gpa",
    "GPA rounded to the nearest half" = "gpa_nearest_half",
    "GPA rounded to the nearest integer" = "gpa_nearest_integer",
    "Student Semester" = "student_semester",
    "Student Year" = "student_year",
    "Major" = "major",
    "Previous Courses" = "previous_courses",
    "Course Types" = "course_types",
    "Course Subjects" = "course_subjects",
    "Subjects of Interest" = "subjects_of_interest",
    "Extracurricular Activities" = "extracurricular_activities",
    "Career Aspirations" = "career_aspirations",
    "Future Topics" = "future_topics"
    )

Working with Numerical Variables

The range of GPA and Student Semester are too large for correlations and comparisons. So here we make two new columns. One with GPA in intervals of 0.5 and one with Student Year.

dataset <- dataset |>
  # Count the number of observations with each value
  group_by(gpa) |>
  mutate(gpa_count = n()) |>
  ungroup() |>
  # Make the GPA tooltip text
  mutate(text_gpa = paste("GPA", ": ", gpa, "\nCount: ", gpa_count, sep="")) |>
  # Count the number of observations with each value
  group_by(student_semester) |>
  mutate(student_semester_count = n()) |>
  ungroup() |>
  # Make the Student Semester tooltip text
  mutate(text_student_semester = paste("Student Semester", ": ", student_semester, "\nCount: ", student_semester_count, sep=""))

Function Design

Before we begin the analysis, we design functions to reduce repetitiveness and length. The split_into_multiple function was inspired by stack exchange.

# This function makes correlation tables
correlation_table <- function(.data_1, .data_2) {
  SES_tab <- table(.data_1,.data_2)
  pilltabs(SES_tab)
}
 
# This function makes correlation graphs
correlation_graph <- function(x_name, y_name, flip = TRUE) {
  # Get the x and y columns based on the inputed name
  .x = dataset_col_names[x_name]
  .y = dataset_col_names[y_name]
    
  # Make the ggplot
  plot <- ggplot(dataset, aes_string(x = .x,
                    fill = .y)) +
  geom_bar(position = "fill") +
  theme_classic() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  labs(x = x_name,
       y = "Proportion",
       fill = y_name)
  
  # Flip coordinates if flip is TRUE
  if (flip) {
    plot <- plot + coord_flip()
  }
  
  # Return the plot
  return(plot)
}
# This function splits the list columns
split_into_multiple <- function(column, into_prefix, pattern = "\', \'"){
  cols <- str_split_fixed(column, pattern, n = Inf)
  # Sub out the ""'s returned by filling the matrix to the right, with NAs which are useful
  cols[which(cols == "")] <- NA
  cols <- as.tibble(cols)

  # name the 'cols' tibble as 'into_prefix_1', 'into_prefix_2', ..., 'into_prefix_m' 
  # where m = # columns of 'cols'
  m <- dim(cols)[2]

  names(cols) <- paste(into_prefix, 1:m, sep = "_")
  
  # Convert the tibble to a dataframe
  cols <- as.data.frame(cols)
  
  # Remove remaining brackets and quotes
  for (i in 1:m) {
    cols[,i] <- str_remove_all(cols[,i], "[\'\\[\\]]")
  }
  
  return(cols)
}
# Convert split list columns into a single dataframe with demographic information
make_demographic_dataframe <- function(main_df, .columns, .name, dem_cols = c(3:6), rm.na = FALSE, .name_list = list()) {
  # Create an empty dataframe
  final_df = data.frame(ethnoracial_group=factor(),
                        gender = factor(),
                        international_status = factor(),
                        socioeconomic_status = factor())
  
  # Take each split list column and combine row wise
  for (i in .columns) {
    df <- main_df |>
      select(c(dem_cols,i))
    final_df <- rbind(final_df, setNames(df, colnames(final_df)))
  }

  # Add in extra names if more columns are added beyond the demographic ones
  
  if (length(.name_list) > 0) {
    for (i in 1:length(.name_list)) {
      colnames(final_df)[i+4] <- .name_list[i]
    }
  }
  
  # Ensure proper naming for the final column
  colnames(final_df)[5+length(.name_list)] <- .name
  
  # Drop the empty columns
  if (rm.na) {
    final_df <- final_df |>
      drop_na()
  }
  
  return(final_df)
}
# Makes Graphs for the different numerical columns whose data
# was generated from a uniform distribution
numerical_col_graph <- function(.dataset, .column, .name, .text, .size) {
  
  # Get the dataset size
  row_len_df <- .dataset |>
    drop_na({{.column}})
  
  row_len <- nrow(row_len_df)

  # Make the ggplot graph with a line for the uniform distribution
  graph <- .dataset |>
    
    # Make the ggplot
    ggplot(aes(x = {{.column}}, text = {{.text}})) +
    geom_bar(fill = "gray") +
    theme_ipsum() +
    labs(x = .name, y = "Number of Students") +
    geom_hline(yintercept = row_len/.size) +
    theme(legend.position="none")
  
  # Make the plotly
  ggplotly(graph, tooltip = "text")
}
# Generate a graph of the top ten majors with the highest majority of a certain
# gender identity
major_gender_dominated_graph <- function(.dataset, .gender, .xlab, .ylab) {
  # Arrange major by top percent gender minority
  g_dominate_dataset <- .dataset |>
    arrange(desc({{.gender}}))
  
  # Get a graph of the top ten majors
  ggplot(g_dominate_dataset[1:10,],
         aes(x=reorder(major, {{.gender}}, FUN = function(x) sum(x)),
             y={{.gender}},
             fill = division)) +
    geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
    coord_flip() +
    theme_classic() +
    scale_color_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
    labs(x = .xlab,
         y = .ylab,
         fill = "Major Division")

}
chisq_df_generation <- function(demographic_df, .column, expected_percent) {
  
  # Count the number of students with each learning style
  counts_df <- demographic_df |>
    group_by({{.column}}) |>
    drop_na() |>
    summarize(count = n()) |>
    ungroup()
  
  # Combine the expected results with the counts Dataset
  counts_df <- counts_df |>
    mutate(observed_percent = count / nrow(demographic_df)) |>
    cbind(expected_percent) |>
    mutate(expected_percent = expected_percent / 100)
  
  return(counts_df)
}

Spliting the Lists

Now we will use our split_into_multiple function to split up the list features that we will use in this work.

dataset_split <- dataset |>
  # Learning Style
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$learning_style, "learning_style")) |>
  mutate(learning_style = NULL) |>
  mutate(learning_style_1 = as.factor(learning_style_1)) |>
  mutate(learning_style_2 = as.factor(learning_style_2)) |>
  # Major
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$major, "major")) |>
  mutate(major = NULL) |>
  # Previous Course Types
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$course_types, "course_types")) |>
  mutate(course_types = NULL) |>
  # Previous Course Subjects
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$course_subjects, "course_subjects")) |>
  mutate(course_subjects = NULL)

Demographics

In this section, we examine how close the observed demographic variable distribution was to the expected real world distribution. This is the code used to generate different demographic variables.

def assign_demographic(self, demographic_type, bias='Uniform'):
        """
        Assign demographic attributes to students based on the specified type and bias.
        :param demographic_type: Type of demographic attribute to assign (e.g., gender, ethnicity).
        :param bias: The distribution bias to use for assignment.
        :return: The assigned demographic value.
        """
        demographics = list(demographic_type.keys())
        if bias == 'real':
            probabilities = [demographic_type[demo] / 100 for demo in demographics]
            result = np.random.choice(demographics, p=probabilities)
        elif bias == 'uniform':
            result = np.random.choice(demographics)
        return result

Ethnoracial Group

# Make the Counts Dataset
ethnoracial_group_counts <- chisq_df_generation(dataset, .column = ethnoracial_group, expected_percent = c(13.1, 0.7, 7.6, 53.4, 20.6, 4.3, 0.3))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
chisq.test(x = ethnoracial_group_counts$observed_percent, p = ethnoracial_group_counts$expected_percent / sum(ethnoracial_group_counts$expected_percent))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  ethnoracial_group_counts$observed_percent
## X-squared = 6.7565e-05, df = 6, p-value = 1

Gender

# Make the Counts Dataset
gender_counts <- chisq_df_generation(dataset, .column = gender, expected_percent = c(54.83, 40.07, 5.1))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
chisq.test(x = gender_counts$observed_percent, p = gender_counts$expected_percent / sum(gender_counts$expected_percent))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  gender_counts$observed_percent
## X-squared = 9.8661e-06, df = 2, p-value = 1

International Status

# Make the Counts Dataset
international_status_counts <- chisq_df_generation(dataset, .column = international_status, expected_percent = c(94.08, 5.92))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
chisq.test(x = international_status_counts$observed_percent, p = international_status_counts$expected_percent / sum(international_status_counts$expected_percent))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  international_status_counts$observed_percent
## X-squared = 1.4082e-07, df = 1, p-value = 0.9997

Socioeconomic Status

# Make the Counts Dataset
socioeconomic_status_counts <- chisq_df_generation(dataset, .column = socioeconomic_status, expected_percent = c(9, 20, 15, 37, 19))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
chisq.test(x = socioeconomic_status_counts$observed_percent, p = socioeconomic_status_counts$expected_percent / sum(socioeconomic_status_counts$expected_percent))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  socioeconomic_status_counts$observed_percent
## X-squared = 5.4584e-05, df = 4, p-value = 1

GPA

Here we show the function used to generate GPA. Notice that GPA is not generated for 0th semester students, i.e. those that have not started college yet.

def generate_gpa(self, semester):
        """
        Generate a GPA for the student based on the semester.
        :param semester: The semester number of the student.
        :return: A GPA value.
        """
        if semester == 0:
            gpa = None
            if logging.getLogger().isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                logging.debug("GPA left empty because student semester is zero")
        else:
            gpa = round(np.random.uniform(2.0, 4.0), 2)
            if logging.getLogger().isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                logging.debug("GPA chosen: %.2f", gpa)
        return gpa

GPA Graph

numerical_col_graph(dataset, gpa, "GPA", text_gpa, 201)

Student Semester

Notice that student semester was generated from a randomly from a uniform distribution from 0 to 14.

student_semester = np.random.randint(0, 15)
numerical_col_graph(dataset, student_semester, "Student Semester", text_student_semester, 15)

Demographic Correlations

In this section, we examine the various correlations between each pair of demographic variables. We run a Chi-Squared test of independence to determine if the demographic variables are independent or not. We do not examine first and last name since those were assigned randomly. This includes:

  1. Ethnoracial Group
  2. Gender
  3. International Student Status
  4. Socioeconomic Status

Graphs and Tables

We will deal with the correlations between the more complicated list variables in a later section.

Ethnoracial Group vs Gender

We begin with Ethnoracial Group vs Gender:

correlation_table(dataset$ethnoracial_group, dataset$gender)
Female Male Nonbinary
African American or Black 7299 5305 632
American Indian or Alaska Native 380 275 37
Asian American 4093 3002 383
European American or white 29208 21516 2755
Latino/a/x American 11270 8336 1014
Multiracial 2342 1656 215
Pacific Islander 151 114 17
Female Male Nonbinary Total n
African American or Black 55.1 40.1 4.8 100 13236
American Indian or Alaska Native 54.9 39.7 5.3 100 692
Asian American 54.7 40.1 5.1 100 7478
European American or white 54.6 40.2 5.2 100 53479
Latino/a/x American 54.7 40.4 4.9 100 20620
Multiracial 55.6 39.3 5.1 100 4213
Pacific Islander 53.5 40.4 6.0 100 282
All 54.7 40.2 5.1 100 100000
Female Male Nonbinary All
African American or Black 13.3 13.2 12.5 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Asian American 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.5
European American or white 53.4 53.5 54.5 53.5
Latino/a/x American 20.6 20.7 20.1 20.6
Multiracial 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.2
Pacific Islander 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 54743.0 40204.0 5053.0 100000.0
Female Male Nonbinary
African American or Black 0.63 -0.22 -1.42
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.06 -0.19 0.34
Asian American -0.01 -0.08 0.26
European American or white -0.40 0.10 1.01
Latino/a/x American -0.17 0.50 -0.87
Multiracial 0.74 -0.92 0.15
Pacific Islander -0.27 0.06 0.73

X-squared = 6.9566, df = 12, p = 0.8605

correlation_graph("Ethnoracial Group", "Gender")

Ethnoracial Group vs International Student Status

Here we have Ethnoracial Group vs. International Student Status:

correlation_table(dataset$ethnoracial_group, dataset$international_status)
Domestic International
African American or Black 12449 787
American Indian or Alaska Native 657 35
Asian American 7028 450
European American or white 50335 3144
Latino/a/x American 19372 1248
Multiracial 3973 240
Pacific Islander 272 10
Domestic International Total n
African American or Black 94.1 5.9 100 13236
American Indian or Alaska Native 94.9 5.1 100 692
Asian American 94.0 6.0 100 7478
European American or white 94.1 5.9 100 53479
Latino/a/x American 93.9 6.1 100 20620
Multiracial 94.3 5.7 100 4213
Pacific Islander 96.5 3.5 100 282
All 94.1 5.9 100 100000
Domestic International All
African American or Black 13.2 13.3 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7 0.6 0.7
Asian American 7.5 7.6 7.5
European American or white 53.5 53.2 53.5
Latino/a/x American 20.6 21.1 20.6
Multiracial 4.2 4.1 4.2
Pacific Islander 0.3 0.2 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 94086.0 5914.0 100000.0
Domestic International
African American or Black -0.04 0.15
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.23 -0.93
Asian American -0.09 0.37
European American or white 0.08 -0.33
Latino/a/x American -0.20 0.82
Multiracial 0.15 -0.58
Pacific Islander 0.41 -1.64

X-squared = 5.1073, df = 6, p = 0.5301

correlation_graph("Ethnoracial Group", "International Student Status")

Ethnoracial Group vs Socioeconomic Status

Here we have Ethnoracial Group vs. Socioeconomic Status:

correlation_table(dataset$ethnoracial_group, dataset$socioeconomic_status)
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
African American or Black 1175 2666 1952 4961 2482
American Indian or Alaska Native 63 113 107 272 137
Asian American 702 1476 1081 2751 1468
European American or white 4715 10688 7961 19888 10227
Latino/a/x American 1859 4029 3110 7614 4008
Multiracial 363 821 648 1530 851
Pacific Islander 22 50 45 104 61
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty Total n
African American or Black 8.9 20.1 14.7 37.5 18.8 100 13236
American Indian or Alaska Native 9.1 16.3 15.5 39.3 19.8 100 692
Asian American 9.4 19.7 14.5 36.8 19.6 100 7478
European American or white 8.8 20.0 14.9 37.2 19.1 100 53479
Latino/a/x American 9.0 19.5 15.1 36.9 19.4 100 20620
Multiracial 8.6 19.5 15.4 36.3 20.2 100 4213
Pacific Islander 7.8 17.7 16.0 36.9 21.6 100 282
All 8.9 19.8 14.9 37.1 19.2 100 100000
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty All
African American or Black 13.2 13.4 13.1 13.4 12.9 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Asian American 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.5
European American or white 53.0 53.9 53.4 53.6 53.2 53.5
Latino/a/x American 20.9 20.3 20.9 20.5 20.8 20.6
Multiracial 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.2
Pacific Islander 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8899.0 19843.0 14904.0 37120.0 19234.0 100000.0
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
African American or Black -0.08 0.77 -0.47 0.68 -1.26
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.18 -2.07 0.38 0.94 0.34
Asian American 1.42 -0.20 -1.00 -0.47 0.78
European American or white -0.64 0.74 -0.11 0.26 -0.58
Latino/a/x American 0.56 -0.98 0.66 -0.46 0.67
Multiracial -0.62 -0.52 0.80 -0.86 1.43
Pacific Islander -0.62 -0.80 0.46 -0.07 0.92

X-squared = 22.1432, df = 24, p = 0.5707

correlation_graph("Ethnoracial Group", "Socioeconomic Status")

Gender vs International Student Status

Here we have Gender vs. International Student Status:

correlation_table(dataset$gender, dataset$international_status)
Domestic International
Female 51439 3304
Male 37898 2306
Nonbinary 4749 304
Domestic International Total n
Female 94.0 6.0 100 54743
Male 94.3 5.7 100 40204
Nonbinary 94.0 6.0 100 5053
All 94.1 5.9 100 100000
Domestic International All
Female 54.7 55.9 54.7
Male 40.3 39.0 40.2
Nonbinary 5.0 5.1 5.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 94086.0 5914.0 100000.0
Domestic International
Female -0.29 1.17
Male 0.37 -1.47
Nonbinary -0.07 0.30

X-squared = 3.8425, df = 2, p = 0.1464

correlation_graph("International Student Status", "Gender")

Gender vs Socioeconomic Status

Here we have Gender vs. Socioeconomic Status:

correlation_table(dataset$gender, dataset$socioeconomic_status)
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
Female 4846 10805 8055 20501 10536
Male 3570 8058 6078 14787 7711
Nonbinary 483 980 771 1832 987
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty Total n
Female 8.9 19.7 14.7 37.4 19.2 100 54743
Male 8.9 20.0 15.1 36.8 19.2 100 40204
Nonbinary 9.6 19.4 15.3 36.3 19.5 100 5053
All 8.9 19.8 14.9 37.1 19.2 100 100000
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty All
Female 54.5 54.5 54.0 55.2 54.8 54.7
Male 40.1 40.6 40.8 39.8 40.1 40.2
Nonbinary 5.4 4.9 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8899.0 19843.0 14904.0 37120.0 19234.0 100000.0
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
Female -0.37 -0.55 -1.15 1.27 0.07
Male -0.13 0.90 1.11 -1.12 -0.25
Nonbinary 1.57 -0.72 0.65 -1.01 0.48

X-squared = 11.4037, df = 8, p = 0.1799

correlation_graph("Gender", "Socioeconomic Status")

International Student Status vs Socioeconomic Status

Here we have International Student Status vs. Socioeconomic Status:

correlation_table(dataset$international_status, dataset$socioeconomic_status)
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
Domestic 8350 18728 13967 34931 18110
International 549 1115 937 2189 1124
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty Total n
Domestic 8.9 19.9 14.8 37.1 19.2 100 94086
International 9.3 18.9 15.8 37.0 19.0 100 5914
All 8.9 19.8 14.9 37.1 19.2 100 100000
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty All
Domestic 93.8 94.4 93.7 94.1 94.2 94.1
International 6.2 5.6 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8899.0 19843.0 14904.0 37120.0 19234.0 100000.0
Higher income In poverty Lower-middle income Middle income Near poverty
Domestic -0.25 0.43 -0.47 0.03 0.1
International 0.99 -1.71 1.87 -0.13 -0.4

X-squared = 8.057, df = 4, p = 0.08951

correlation_graph("International Student Status", "Socioeconomic Status")

Conclusion

We found that none of the different demographics had any correlations. This result was expected as all the demographics were sampled from separate distributions. The result confirms that this dataset should not be used for research on college student intersectionality.

Major

The code used in my summer research to determine major for each student (observation) is shown here. Notice that the only features that are direct inputs to the function are semester and gender. Thus we expect that of all the demographic data only gender should be correlated to major. Here are the demographics generated for each student:

  • Ethnoracial Group
  • Gender
  • International Student Status
  • Socioeconomic Status
def choose_major(self, semester, gender):
        """
        Choose a major for the student based on the semester and gender.
        :param semester: The semester number of the student.
        :param gender: The gender of the student.
        :return: A major.
        """
        # Weigh majors by gender and popularity
        major_weights = [
            (1 - float(major[2]) / 173) + (1 - float(major[1]) / 100 if gender == 'Male' else float(major[1]) / 100)
            for major in self.major_tuples
        ]

        major = []
        if semester <= 4:
            if np.random.rand() < 0.3:
                major.append(random.choices(self.major_list, major_weights, k=1)[0])
            elif logging.getLogger().isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                logging.debug("Major left empty because student has no major / intended major")
        else:
            major.append(random.choices(self.major_list, major_weights, k=1)[0])

        if len(major) == 1 and np.random.rand() < 0.3:
            extra_major = random.choices(self.major_list, major_weights, k=1)[0]
            if extra_major not in major:
                major.append(extra_major)
        
        return major

Demographic Correlations

In this section, we examine the four demographics and see if they are correlated to Major by running a Chi Squared Test of Independence between each demographic and major choice.

Ethnoracial Group

The insignificant p-value means that there was no clear pattern between ethnoracial group and major. Thus, ethnoracial group did not impact the algorithm for major choice.

correlation_table(majors_demographics$ethnoracial_group, majors_demographics$major)
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
African American or Black 134 54 108 73 49 66 62 103 59 53 94 105 97 82 46 36 97 61 127 72 38 68 98 96 108 89 57 57 115 95 79 108 83 78 64 109 83 62 57 111 74 76 69 46 111 93 92 107 55 112 59 43 45 101 58 121 44 53 51 105 53 84 115 71 98 101 58 49 97 67 117 130 93 88 51 62 82 41 76 40 89 78 99 95 78 83 53 98 52 46 75 97 63 81 83 109 83 97 43 88 88 125 100 49 42 108 38 57 108 48 84 78 37 72 27 31 40 65 81 70 61 69 59 83 66 39 71 110 82 107 72 38 71 43 43 129 80 49 76 71 54 41 85 94 105 114 46 89 86 59 93 71 100 56 66 45 43 81 40 74 90 73 33 95 60 85 72 101 71 87 50 84 78
American Indian or Alaska Native 5 2 7 4 4 8 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 5 0 2 2 3 7 1 1 5 6 6 5 4 7 5 3 2 6 2 6 8 6 3 0 2 3 7 7 5 2 2 2 7 1 7 5 2 7 0 3 4 2 7 4 1 3 6 3 7 5 5 9 6 2 2 6 2 3 6 5 5 2 2 4 1 3 3 2 4 5 12 8 2 0 4 5 2 5 4 6 4 4 3 2 4 7 2 7 8 5 4 3 5 1 4 6 2 2 6 1 4 1 2 1 2 8 3 3 8 3 3 3 4 6 2 4 7 2 4 7 4 3 7 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 6 5 5 1 4 2 2 7 3 6 4 4 0 2 5 2 3 8 4 1 5 4 3 6 4 1 4 2 1 2
Asian American 64 18 42 30 26 37 51 48 34 27 57 47 54 46 21 26 35 30 66 28 23 54 63 60 37 53 33 34 53 54 42 64 56 50 37 51 58 34 30 74 54 37 35 19 55 50 57 56 31 70 32 22 22 54 39 70 25 28 37 45 42 56 58 50 64 60 31 24 55 42 61 54 60 49 52 31 44 20 40 24 48 44 55 46 51 41 43 55 29 22 36 58 32 49 52 57 59 47 28 45 44 64 52 31 26 54 11 36 46 28 42 51 25 45 23 20 26 43 44 41 34 30 30 40 37 22 49 53 52 58 46 28 48 20 21 74 38 36 53 38 34 27 48 76 43 59 20 53 47 35 61 49 70 32 45 19 36 44 24 44 58 59 16 40 34 55 53 40 35 65 31 55 32
European American or white 426 217 386 280 180 315 360 388 207 194 352 375 393 326 180 187 384 233 431 313 197 280 433 351 368 377 200 221 434 412 359 418 331 326 260 379 384 248 222 412 290 287 261 160 437 365 403 412 273 410 179 237 187 398 241 474 184 184 248 441 215 366 441 381 446 451 223 216 375 246 453 437 428 371 301 214 339 158 304 163 345 268 416 362 358 285 258 340 212 201 308 378 313 357 397 403 388 435 205 339 327 466 450 188 218 424 144 249 390 195 268 348 139 275 144 158 178 300 360 255 265 299 215 269 247 221 271 369 303 385 282 185 270 160 226 461 341 205 341 270 185 194 374 371 352 408 168 308 315 220 463 291 477 244 237 176 237 335 178 281 453 477 145 407 245 368 306 341 308 413 186 315 243
Latino/a/x American 162 84 159 115 69 115 138 163 105 81 159 143 141 148 77 75 132 80 158 136 78 105 181 139 142 157 78 81 166 143 140 184 135 131 99 156 142 88 78 182 140 110 97 65 160 129 145 183 89 171 73 79 78 142 112 193 90 71 91 162 80 150 146 130 181 169 99 74 154 126 167 153 160 144 110 76 108 49 125 76 133 107 154 137 156 120 97 142 68 97 116 137 104 139 143 162 142 162 71 131 137 164 144 74 84 146 61 84 167 61 120 132 60 126 64 53 77 105 120 96 107 117 84 113 102 82 116 139 117 188 113 67 85 61 67 175 125 79 128 108 78 78 131 139 120 161 47 118 135 91 176 96 208 103 73 81 105 139 57 133 168 171 56 151 89 134 124 144 122 177 71 146 100
Multiracial 35 12 32 24 17 24 29 42 15 22 24 27 19 30 18 19 25 22 47 21 11 27 28 26 41 35 18 13 28 28 22 39 25 28 27 25 27 12 27 34 27 21 22 4 43 24 25 22 28 30 9 20 10 26 15 34 16 16 22 34 23 42 35 34 31 29 16 13 28 24 43 35 38 28 21 20 24 15 28 11 28 19 40 28 32 30 15 28 19 15 21 31 14 24 25 29 29 35 21 23 33 33 38 24 20 28 11 22 29 17 21 25 12 18 11 10 14 20 24 21 31 27 26 24 21 15 26 22 26 18 26 8 20 12 14 31 32 13 23 23 16 12 27 33 26 25 11 15 25 14 32 13 36 24 19 14 23 27 6 19 37 41 5 20 20 28 14 24 26 33 8 28 25
Pacific Islander 2 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 0 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 4 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 3 5 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 6 5 2 1 0 2 1 1 3 2 0 1 2 0 4 0 1 0 2 5 1 1 2 2 0 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 6 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 4 0 2 1 3 3 1 2 0 2 0 3 2 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 3 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 4 0 2 0
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology Total n
African American or Black 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 100 13099
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 100 679
Asian American 0.9 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.4 100 7397
European American or white 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 52988
Latino/a/x American 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.5 100 20590
Multiracial 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.6 100 4112
Pacific Islander 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.3 1.4 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.0 1.7 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 2.1 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.0 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 100 286
All 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 99151
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology All
African American or Black 16.2 13.8 14.7 13.8 14.2 11.7 9.6 13.7 13.9 13.9 13.6 15.0 13.7 12.8 13.4 10.4 14.3 14.2 15.1 12.6 10.9 12.5 12.1 14.1 15.3 12.4 14.5 13.8 14.4 12.9 12.2 13.2 13.0 12.5 13.0 15.0 11.9 13.9 13.6 13.5 12.5 14.1 14.2 15.5 13.7 13.9 12.7 13.6 11.4 14.0 16.4 10.7 13.0 13.9 12.3 13.4 12.1 15.0 11.2 13.2 12.7 11.9 14.3 10.6 11.7 12.3 13.5 12.9 13.6 13.2 13.8 15.9 11.8 12.8 9.5 15.3 13.6 14.4 13.1 12.6 13.8 15.0 12.8 13.9 11.4 14.8 11.3 14.6 13.5 11.9 13.3 13.7 11.8 12.3 11.7 14.3 11.8 12.4 11.4 14.0 13.8 14.5 12.7 13.2 10.7 14.1 14.3 12.6 14.4 13.6 15.6 12.1 13.5 13.3 9.9 11.3 11.9 12.1 12.7 14.4 12.0 12.5 14.1 15.6 13.9 10.2 13.1 15.8 14.0 14.0 13.3 11.5 14.1 14.2 11.5 14.7 12.8 12.8 12.1 13.8 14.4 11.5 12.7 13.0 16.1 14.7 15.7 15.1 14.1 13.9 11.2 13.6 11.1 12.0 14.8 13.4 9.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 11.0 8.8 12.8 13.2 13.2 12.6 12.5 15.4 12.6 11.1 14.4 13.3 16.2 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.3 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 1.8 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.6 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.7
Asian American 7.7 4.6 5.7 5.7 7.5 6.5 7.9 6.4 8.0 7.1 8.3 6.7 7.6 7.2 6.1 7.5 5.2 7.0 7.9 4.9 6.6 9.9 7.8 8.8 5.3 7.4 8.4 8.2 6.6 7.3 6.5 7.8 8.8 8.0 7.5 7.0 8.3 7.6 7.2 9.0 9.1 6.9 7.2 6.4 6.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 6.4 8.8 8.9 5.5 6.3 7.4 8.3 7.7 6.9 7.9 8.1 5.7 10.0 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.3 7.2 6.3 7.7 8.3 7.2 6.6 7.6 7.1 9.7 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 7.6 7.4 8.5 7.1 6.7 7.5 7.3 9.2 8.2 7.5 5.7 6.4 8.2 6.0 7.5 7.4 7.5 8.4 6.0 7.4 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.6 8.4 6.6 7.0 4.1 8.0 6.1 8.0 7.8 7.9 9.1 8.3 8.5 7.3 7.7 8.0 6.9 8.4 6.7 5.5 7.2 7.5 7.8 5.7 9.1 7.6 8.9 7.6 8.5 8.5 9.5 6.6 5.6 8.4 6.1 9.4 8.4 7.4 9.1 7.6 7.2 10.5 6.6 7.6 6.8 9.0 7.7 8.3 7.3 9.4 7.8 6.9 10.1 5.7 8.0 6.9 7.8 7.9 7.1 7.1 6.2 5.6 7.5 8.1 9.2 6.1 6.2 8.3 8.9 8.7 6.7 7.5
European American or white 51.4 55.6 52.4 53.0 52.0 55.8 56.0 51.6 48.7 50.8 51.0 53.4 55.5 50.9 52.3 54.2 56.8 54.2 51.4 54.7 56.4 51.6 53.3 51.5 52.3 52.7 50.8 53.4 54.2 56.1 55.3 51.1 52.0 52.3 52.7 52.3 55.3 55.5 53.1 50.2 49.0 53.3 53.6 54.1 53.8 54.6 55.4 52.3 56.8 51.3 49.9 59.0 53.9 54.9 51.3 52.4 50.5 52.0 54.5 55.4 51.4 51.8 55.0 56.7 53.4 54.9 51.7 57.0 52.4 48.3 53.6 53.6 54.4 54.0 56.1 52.7 56.2 55.6 52.4 51.4 53.4 51.5 54.0 52.8 52.3 50.7 55.1 50.8 55.1 52.1 54.7 53.5 58.7 54.4 56.2 52.7 55.1 55.6 54.5 53.8 51.3 54.0 57.0 50.8 55.3 55.2 54.1 55.1 52.1 55.4 49.6 54.1 50.5 50.8 52.9 57.5 52.8 56.0 56.3 52.5 52.3 54.4 51.3 50.5 51.9 57.6 50.1 52.9 51.7 50.4 52.0 56.1 53.7 53.0 60.4 52.4 54.6 53.4 54.3 52.3 49.5 54.3 55.8 51.5 54.1 52.7 57.3 52.2 51.5 51.9 55.5 55.6 53.1 52.5 53.3 52.4 52.9 52.8 58.0 50.6 55.4 57.7 56.4 56.7 54.1 54.5 53.0 52.1 54.5 52.7 53.4 49.9 50.6 53.4
Latino/a/x American 19.6 21.5 21.6 21.8 19.9 20.4 21.5 21.7 24.7 21.2 23.0 20.4 19.9 23.1 22.4 21.7 19.5 18.6 18.8 23.8 22.3 19.3 22.3 20.4 20.2 21.9 19.8 19.6 20.8 19.5 21.6 22.5 21.2 21.0 20.1 21.5 20.4 19.7 18.7 22.2 23.6 20.4 19.9 22.0 19.7 19.3 19.9 23.2 18.5 21.4 20.3 19.7 22.5 19.6 23.8 21.3 24.7 20.1 20.0 20.4 19.1 21.2 18.2 19.3 21.7 20.6 23.0 19.5 21.5 24.8 19.8 18.8 20.3 21.0 20.5 18.7 17.9 17.3 21.6 24.0 20.6 20.6 20.0 20.0 22.8 21.4 20.7 21.2 17.7 25.1 20.6 19.4 19.5 21.2 20.2 21.2 20.2 20.7 18.9 20.8 21.5 19.0 18.2 20.0 21.3 19.0 22.9 18.6 22.3 17.3 22.2 20.5 21.8 23.3 23.5 19.3 22.8 19.6 18.8 19.8 21.1 21.3 20.0 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.4 19.9 20.0 24.6 20.8 20.3 16.9 20.2 17.9 19.9 20.0 20.6 20.4 20.9 20.9 21.8 19.6 19.3 18.4 20.8 16.0 20.0 22.1 21.5 21.1 18.4 23.2 22.2 16.4 24.1 23.4 21.9 18.6 24.0 20.6 20.7 21.8 21.0 19.6 19.9 21.5 22.0 21.6 22.6 20.4 23.1 20.8 20.8
Multiracial 4.2 3.1 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.2 4.5 5.6 3.5 5.8 3.5 3.8 2.7 4.7 5.2 5.5 3.7 5.1 5.6 3.7 3.2 5.0 3.4 3.8 5.8 4.9 4.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 3.4 4.8 3.9 4.5 5.5 3.4 3.9 2.7 6.5 4.1 4.6 3.9 4.5 1.4 5.3 3.6 3.4 2.8 5.8 3.8 2.5 5.0 2.9 3.6 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.3 5.5 5.9 4.4 5.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.9 4.7 5.1 4.3 4.8 4.1 3.9 4.9 4.0 5.3 4.8 3.5 4.3 3.7 5.2 4.1 4.7 5.3 3.2 4.2 4.9 3.9 3.7 4.4 2.6 3.7 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.6 3.7 5.2 3.8 4.8 6.5 5.1 3.6 4.1 4.9 3.9 4.8 3.9 3.9 4.4 3.3 4.0 3.6 4.2 3.7 3.8 4.3 6.1 4.9 6.2 4.5 4.4 3.9 4.8 3.2 4.4 2.4 4.8 2.4 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.5 5.1 3.4 3.7 4.5 4.3 3.4 4.0 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.8 2.5 4.1 3.3 3.8 2.5 4.0 5.2 4.3 4.2 5.1 4.3 2.0 3.4 4.5 5.0 1.9 2.8 4.4 4.1 2.4 3.7 4.6 4.2 2.3 4.4 5.2 4.1
Pacific Islander 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 828.0 390.0 736.0 528.0 346.0 565.0 643.0 752.0 425.0 382.0 690.0 702.0 708.0 640.0 344.0 345.0 676.0 430.0 839.0 572.0 349.0 543.0 812.0 681.0 704.0 716.0 394.0 414.0 800.0 735.0 649.0 818.0 637.0 623.0 493.0 725.0 695.0 447.0 418.0 821.0 592.0 538.0 487.0 296.0 812.0 669.0 727.0 788.0 481.0 799.0 359.0 402.0 347.0 725.0 470.0 904.0 364.0 354.0 455.0 796.0 418.0 707.0 802.0 672.0 835.0 821.0 431.0 379.0 715.0 509.0 845.0 816.0 787.0 687.0 537.0 406.0 603.0 284.0 580.0 317.0 646.0 520.0 771.0 685.0 684.0 562.0 468.0 669.0 385.0 386.0 563.0 706.0 533.0 656.0 707.0 764.0 704.0 783.0 376.0 630.0 637.0 863.0 790.0 370.0 394.0 768.0 266.0 452.0 748.0 352.0 540.0 643.0 275.0 541.0 272.0 275.0 337.0 536.0 639.0 486.0 507.0 550.0 419.0 533.0 476.0 384.0 541.0 697.0 586.0 764.0 542.0 330.0 503.0 302.0 374.0 880.0 625.0 384.0 628.0 516.0 374.0 357.0 670.0 721.0 651.0 774.0 293.0 590.0 612.0 424.0 834.0 523.0 898.0 465.0 445.0 336.0 448.0 634.0 307.0 555.0 817.0 827.0 257.0 718.0 453.0 675.0 577.0 655.0 565.0 783.0 348.0 631.0 480.0 99151.0
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
African American or Black 2.35 0.35 1.09 0.39 0.49 -1.00 -2.49 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.30 1.27 0.36 -0.28 0.08 -1.42 0.81 0.56 1.53 -0.41 -1.19 -0.44 -0.90 0.64 1.55 -0.57 0.69 0.31 0.91 -0.21 -0.73 -0.01 -0.13 -0.47 -0.14 1.35 -0.92 0.38 0.24 0.24 -0.48 0.58 0.58 1.10 0.36 0.49 -0.41 0.28 -1.07 0.63 1.68 -1.39 -0.12 0.53 -0.52 0.14 -0.59 0.91 -1.18 -0.02 -0.30 -0.97 0.88 -1.89 -1.17 -0.72 0.14 -0.15 0.26 -0.03 0.51 2.14 -1.08 -0.29 -2.37 1.14 0.26 0.57 -0.07 -0.29 0.40 1.12 -0.28 0.47 -1.30 1.02 -1.12 1.02 0.16 -0.70 0.07 0.39 -0.88 -0.61 -1.08 0.80 -1.04 -0.63 -0.95 0.52 0.42 1.03 -0.43 0.02 -1.39 0.65 0.48 -0.35 0.92 0.22 1.50 -0.75 0.11 0.06 -1.49 -0.88 -0.68 -0.69 -0.37 0.72 -0.73 -0.43 0.49 1.50 0.39 -1.65 -0.06 1.87 0.52 0.60 0.05 -0.85 0.56 0.49 -0.91 1.18 -0.28 -0.24 -0.76 0.34 0.65 -0.90 -0.37 -0.13 2.05 1.16 1.17 1.25 0.57 0.40 -1.64 0.23 -1.71 -0.69 0.94 0.09 -2.10 -0.30 -0.09 0.08 -1.73 -3.47 -0.16 0.01 0.02 -0.44 -0.48 1.56 -0.42 -1.62 0.59 0.07 1.83
American Indian or Alaska Native -0.28 -0.41 0.87 0.20 1.06 2.10 -0.67 -0.07 0.64 0.24 -1.25 -1.28 -1.29 0.29 -1.53 -0.24 -1.22 0.03 0.52 -1.47 -0.90 0.66 0.19 0.62 0.08 -0.41 2.62 1.29 -1.06 -1.35 0.74 -1.52 0.78 1.81 1.43 -0.88 -2.18 -0.61 0.08 0.58 1.46 0.69 -0.73 -0.02 -1.51 1.13 -1.78 0.69 0.94 -1.48 2.90 -1.66 0.40 -0.43 -0.68 0.33 0.95 -0.91 -0.07 0.24 0.08 0.98 -0.21 0.19 1.37 0.16 -0.55 -0.37 0.50 -0.80 -1.16 0.17 -0.17 0.14 -0.87 -0.47 -0.06 -0.68 -0.49 0.56 -1.15 0.23 -0.12 3.37 1.53 -0.94 -1.79 -0.27 1.46 -0.40 0.58 -0.38 1.23 -0.23 -0.38 -0.98 -1.28 -0.59 2.76 -1.11 1.26 0.86 -0.18 0.92 0.18 -0.11 -0.61 0.51 0.39 -0.26 -0.88 0.76 -0.64 0.15 -0.63 0.09 -0.86 -0.87 1.73 -0.18 -0.25 2.18 0.08 -0.34 -0.14 0.85 1.19 -1.27 -0.01 0.77 -0.89 1.16 1.92 1.34 0.27 0.40 0.35 -0.39 0.34 0.78 0.90 -0.28 -0.27 0.48 0.26 -0.13 -0.71 -0.02 -1.07 -0.53 0.54 -0.31 -0.06 0.46 0.55 -1.52 -0.61 0.32 -0.07 -0.41 1.02 -0.70 -0.57 0.04 0.51 -0.75 1.03 -0.23 -1.46 -0.59 -0.25 -1.60 -0.71
Asian American 0.28 -2.06 -1.74 -1.50 0.04 -0.79 0.44 -1.08 0.41 -0.28 0.77 -0.74 0.16 -0.25 -0.92 0.05 -2.17 -0.37 0.43 -2.25 -0.60 2.12 0.31 1.29 -2.14 -0.06 0.67 0.56 -0.87 -0.11 -0.92 0.38 1.23 0.52 0.04 -0.42 0.85 0.11 -0.21 1.63 1.48 -0.50 -0.22 -0.66 -0.72 0.01 0.38 -0.36 -0.82 1.35 1.01 -1.46 -0.76 -0.01 0.66 0.31 -0.41 0.31 0.52 -1.87 1.94 0.45 -0.24 -0.02 0.22 -0.16 -0.20 -0.80 0.23 0.65 -0.26 -0.88 0.17 -0.31 1.89 0.13 -0.15 -0.26 -0.50 0.07 -0.03 0.84 -0.33 -0.71 0.00 -0.14 1.37 0.72 0.05 -1.27 -0.93 0.73 -1.23 0.01 -0.10 0.00 0.89 -1.49 -0.01 -0.29 -0.51 -0.05 -0.90 0.65 -0.63 -0.44 -1.99 0.39 -1.31 0.34 0.27 0.44 0.99 0.73 0.60 -0.11 0.17 0.48 -0.53 0.79 -0.62 -1.72 -0.23 0.04 0.25 -1.24 1.36 0.14 1.25 0.13 0.88 0.68 1.71 -0.53 -1.31 1.03 -1.26 1.37 0.90 -0.08 1.15 0.07 -0.28 3.03 -0.80 0.17 -0.40 1.35 0.20 0.60 -0.15 1.60 0.37 -0.46 2.05 -1.21 0.45 -0.48 0.23 0.40 -0.38 -0.34 -0.72 -1.85 0.04 0.65 1.52 -1.27 -1.10 0.86 0.99 1.16 -0.64
European American or white -0.78 0.59 -0.37 -0.13 -0.36 0.75 0.88 -0.69 -1.34 -0.71 -0.87 -0.01 0.75 -0.87 -0.28 0.19 1.20 0.21 -0.82 0.42 0.77 -0.60 -0.05 -0.68 -0.42 -0.29 -0.73 -0.02 0.31 0.97 0.65 -0.92 -0.51 -0.38 -0.21 -0.43 0.65 0.59 -0.09 -1.28 -1.48 -0.03 0.05 0.14 0.15 0.40 0.73 -0.44 0.99 -0.82 -0.93 1.51 0.11 0.54 -0.64 -0.41 -0.75 -0.38 0.31 0.76 -0.56 -0.61 0.60 1.15 -0.01 0.58 -0.48 0.95 -0.36 -1.58 0.07 0.04 0.36 0.20 0.83 -0.20 0.93 0.51 -0.34 -0.49 -0.01 -0.59 0.20 -0.21 -0.39 -0.89 0.50 -0.93 0.44 -0.37 0.41 0.04 1.67 0.34 0.99 -0.26 0.61 0.81 0.29 0.13 -0.73 0.22 1.35 -0.69 0.51 0.67 0.15 0.48 -0.49 0.50 -1.21 0.24 -0.66 -0.83 -0.11 0.91 -0.16 0.80 1.00 -0.29 -0.36 0.30 -0.60 -0.94 -0.46 1.10 -1.07 -0.18 -0.57 -1.15 -0.45 0.65 0.07 -0.11 1.85 -0.43 0.38 -0.02 0.29 -0.35 -1.05 0.23 0.84 -0.73 0.22 -0.28 0.91 -0.41 -0.67 -0.44 0.82 0.69 -0.13 -0.29 -0.05 -0.27 -0.16 -0.21 1.09 -0.91 0.78 1.67 0.65 1.19 0.19 0.38 -0.13 -0.48 0.35 -0.27 0.00 -1.21 -0.84
Latino/a/x American -0.76 0.33 0.50 0.51 -0.34 -0.22 0.39 0.55 1.78 0.19 1.31 -0.23 -0.50 1.31 0.66 0.40 -0.71 -0.98 -1.23 1.58 0.65 -0.73 0.95 -0.20 -0.35 0.68 -0.42 -0.54 -0.01 -0.78 0.45 1.08 0.24 0.14 -0.33 0.44 -0.19 -0.50 -0.94 0.88 1.54 -0.16 -0.41 0.45 -0.66 -0.84 -0.49 1.51 -1.09 0.39 -0.18 -0.49 0.70 -0.70 1.46 0.38 1.66 -0.29 -0.36 -0.26 -0.73 0.26 -1.59 -0.81 0.58 -0.11 1.00 -0.53 0.45 1.97 -0.64 -1.26 -0.27 0.11 -0.14 -0.91 -1.54 -1.30 0.42 1.25 -0.10 -0.09 -0.48 -0.44 1.17 0.30 -0.02 0.26 -1.34 1.88 -0.08 -0.79 -0.64 0.24 -0.32 0.27 -0.35 -0.05 -0.80 0.02 0.41 -1.14 -1.57 -0.32 0.24 -1.07 0.78 -1.02 0.94 -1.41 0.74 -0.13 0.38 1.29 1.00 -0.54 0.84 -0.60 -1.10 -0.49 0.17 0.26 -0.32 0.22 0.32 0.25 0.34 -0.48 -0.43 2.33 0.04 -0.18 -1.90 -0.22 -1.21 -0.57 -0.42 -0.08 -0.21 0.08 0.04 0.45 -0.69 -0.88 -1.31 0.02 -1.77 -0.41 0.70 0.31 0.21 -1.21 1.58 0.66 -2.02 1.34 1.24 0.64 -0.85 1.65 -0.13 -0.06 0.36 0.16 -0.52 -0.52 0.38 0.68 0.43 1.13 -0.15 1.31 0.03
Multiracial 0.11 -1.04 0.27 0.45 0.70 0.12 0.45 1.94 -0.63 1.55 -0.86 -0.39 -1.91 0.67 0.99 1.24 -0.57 0.99 2.07 -0.56 -0.91 0.94 -0.98 -0.42 2.18 0.97 0.41 -1.01 -0.90 -0.45 -0.95 0.87 -0.28 0.43 1.45 -0.92 -0.34 -1.52 2.32 -0.01 0.49 -0.28 0.40 -2.36 1.61 -0.71 -0.94 -1.87 1.80 -0.54 -1.53 0.82 -1.16 -0.74 -1.02 -0.57 0.23 0.34 0.72 0.17 1.36 2.34 0.30 1.16 -0.62 -0.87 -0.44 -0.69 -0.30 0.63 1.34 0.20 0.94 -0.09 -0.27 0.77 -0.20 0.94 0.80 -0.59 0.23 -0.55 1.42 -0.08 0.68 1.39 -1.00 0.05 0.76 -0.25 -0.49 0.32 -1.72 -0.61 -0.80 -0.48 -0.04 0.44 1.37 -0.61 1.28 -0.47 0.91 2.21 0.91 -0.68 -0.01 0.75 -0.36 0.63 -0.29 -0.32 0.18 -0.94 -0.08 -0.42 0.01 -0.47 -0.49 0.19 2.18 0.88 2.07 0.40 0.28 -0.23 0.75 -1.28 0.34 -2.43 0.74 -1.54 -0.19 -0.15 -0.38 -0.91 1.19 -0.73 -0.60 0.35 0.12 -0.73 -0.15 0.57 -0.19 -1.25 -0.33 -1.91 -0.08 -0.85 -0.44 -1.87 -0.20 1.07 0.13 0.02 1.03 0.14 -1.89 -0.84 0.54 1.14 -1.73 -1.79 0.28 0.00 -2.03 -0.61 0.53 0.09 -1.69 0.36 1.14
Pacific Islander -0.25 1.77 -0.08 0.39 0.00 -1.28 -1.36 0.56 -0.20 0.86 0.01 0.69 -0.03 0.85 1.01 -1.00 -0.68 -0.22 0.37 -0.51 -0.01 1.94 0.43 0.74 0.68 -0.74 -0.13 1.65 -0.86 -0.77 -0.64 0.42 -0.62 0.15 -1.19 -0.06 -0.71 -0.25 -0.19 -0.89 -1.31 0.36 -0.34 -0.92 1.08 -0.67 1.31 -0.84 -1.18 1.12 -1.02 -0.15 1.00 -1.45 1.41 1.48 -0.05 -0.02 1.47 0.46 0.72 -0.03 -0.21 -0.67 2.31 1.71 0.68 -0.09 -1.44 0.44 -0.92 -0.88 0.48 0.01 -1.24 -0.16 0.20 -0.91 1.80 -0.96 -0.63 -1.22 -0.15 2.15 -0.69 -0.49 0.56 0.05 -1.05 1.79 0.30 -0.73 -0.43 0.08 0.67 -0.81 -0.72 0.49 -0.08 0.14 -0.62 0.32 -0.85 -1.03 -0.13 0.53 -0.88 -1.14 -0.11 -0.02 1.16 0.84 0.23 -0.45 1.37 0.23 0.03 -0.44 0.12 -1.18 3.75 -1.26 0.72 -0.43 -1.17 -0.10 0.35 -0.01 0.24 -0.81 -0.45 -0.98 0.46 1.21 -1.04 0.29 1.64 -1.05 0.14 -0.40 1.85 1.94 -0.67 -0.06 -1.37 -0.16 -0.92 1.00 0.18 1.61 -0.26 -1.23 -0.99 0.57 -0.25 0.03 0.62 0.87 -0.94 -0.47 0.42 -0.25 0.30 -1.44 -0.27 0.04 0.26 -0.65 0.29 1.16 -1.00 0.13 -1.18

X-squared = 975.0584, df = 1032, p = 0.8966

correlation_table(majors_demographics$ethnoracial_group, majors_demographics$division)
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
African American or Black 1171 1194 816 2961 1682 5275
American Indian or Alaska Native 78 64 35 139 87 276
Asian American 674 662 472 1638 992 2959
European American or white 4770 4705 3138 11782 7268 21325
Latino/a/x American 1831 1837 1247 4555 2736 8384
Multiracial 371 320 237 879 592 1713
Pacific Islander 34 18 16 60 36 122
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM Total n
African American or Black 8.9 9.1 6.2 22.6 12.8 40.3 100 13099
American Indian or Alaska Native 11.5 9.4 5.2 20.5 12.8 40.6 100 679
Asian American 9.1 8.9 6.4 22.1 13.4 40.0 100 7397
European American or white 9.0 8.9 5.9 22.2 13.7 40.2 100 52988
Latino/a/x American 8.9 8.9 6.1 22.1 13.3 40.7 100 20590
Multiracial 9.0 7.8 5.8 21.4 14.4 41.7 100 4112
Pacific Islander 11.9 6.3 5.6 21.0 12.6 42.7 100 286
All 9.0 8.9 6.0 22.2 13.5 40.4 100 99151
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM All
African American or Black 13.1 13.6 13.7 13.5 12.6 13.2 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
Asian American 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5
European American or white 53.4 53.5 52.6 53.5 54.3 53.2 53.4
Latino/a/x American 20.5 20.9 20.9 20.7 20.4 20.9 20.8
Multiracial 4.2 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1
Pacific Islander 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8929.0 8800.0 5961.0 22014.0 13393.0 40054.0 99151.0
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
African American or Black -0.25 0.92 1.01 0.98 -2.08 -0.23
American Indian or Alaska Native 2.16 0.48 -0.91 -0.96 -0.49 0.10
Asian American 0.30 0.21 1.29 -0.11 -0.23 -0.53
European American or white -0.03 0.03 -0.84 0.16 1.31 -0.55
Latino/a/x American -0.54 0.22 0.26 -0.24 -0.86 0.73
Multiracial 0.04 -2.35 -0.65 -1.12 1.55 1.27
Pacific Islander 1.62 -1.47 -0.29 -0.44 -0.42 0.60

X-squared = 37.638, df = 30, p = 0.1593

International Status

We examine major along whether a student is an international or a domestic student. The insignificant p-value means that there was no clear pattern between international student status and major. Thus, international student status did not impact the algorithm for major choice.

correlation_table(majors_demographics$international_status, majors_demographics$major)
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Domestic 787 368 691 502 324 532 593 703 406 359 659 666 662 598 323 326 640 411 784 545 332 513 764 644 661 680 364 390 753 703 602 766 610 587 465 693 652 421 391 773 556 511 461 285 761 624 696 750 456 751 333 384 324 681 441 849 331 330 427 760 392 661 754 630 785 762 410 355 684 478 784 764 750 648 510 380 569 268 545 303 612 494 724 632 637 532 448 630 359 366 526 665 509 620 663 715 659 738 348 595 602 814 731 354 374 718 241 432 707 331 514 597 261 510 251 263 312 508 592 462 480 524 392 498 446 351 506 648 557 719 505 322 474 286 351 825 584 358 587 484 355 331 625 680 603 736 275 560 579 393 786 499 849 434 419 323 421 602 286 530 759 780 243 671 431 635 546 615 529 736 336 591 451
International 41 22 45 26 22 33 50 49 19 23 31 36 46 42 21 19 36 19 55 27 17 30 48 37 43 36 30 24 47 32 47 52 27 36 28 32 43 26 27 48 36 27 26 11 51 45 31 38 25 48 26 18 23 44 29 55 33 24 28 36 26 46 48 42 50 59 21 24 31 31 61 52 37 39 27 26 34 16 35 14 34 26 47 53 47 30 20 39 26 20 37 41 24 36 44 49 45 45 28 35 35 49 59 16 20 50 25 20 41 21 26 46 14 31 21 12 25 28 47 24 27 26 27 35 30 33 35 49 29 45 37 8 29 16 23 55 41 26 41 32 19 26 45 41 48 38 18 30 33 31 48 24 49 31 26 13 27 32 21 25 58 47 14 47 22 40 31 40 36 47 12 40 29
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology Total n
Domestic 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 93338
International 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.5 100 5813
All 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 99151
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology All
Domestic 95 94.4 93.9 95.1 93.6 94.2 92.2 93.5 95.5 94 95.5 94.9 93.5 93.4 93.9 94.5 94.7 95.6 93.4 95.3 95.1 94.5 94.1 94.6 93.9 95 92.4 94.2 94.1 95.6 92.8 93.6 95.8 94.2 94.3 95.6 93.8 94.2 93.5 94.2 93.9 95 94.7 96.3 93.7 93.3 95.7 95.2 94.8 94 92.8 95.5 93.4 93.9 93.8 93.9 90.9 93.2 93.8 95.5 93.8 93.5 94 93.8 94 92.8 95.1 93.7 95.7 93.9 92.8 93.6 95.3 94.3 95 93.6 94.4 94.4 94 95.6 94.7 95 93.9 92.3 93.1 94.7 95.7 94.2 93.2 94.8 93.4 94.2 95.5 94.5 93.8 93.6 93.6 94.3 92.6 94.4 94.5 94.3 92.5 95.7 94.9 93.5 90.6 95.6 94.5 94 95.2 92.8 94.9 94.3 92.3 95.6 92.6 94.8 92.6 95.1 94.7 95.3 93.6 93.4 93.7 91.4 93.5 93 95.1 94.1 93.2 97.6 94.2 94.7 93.9 93.8 93.4 93.2 93.5 93.8 94.9 92.7 93.3 94.3 92.6 95.1 93.9 94.9 94.6 92.7 94.2 95.4 94.5 93.3 94.2 96.1 94 95 93.2 95.5 92.9 94.3 94.6 93.5 95.1 94.1 94.6 93.9 93.6 94 96.6 93.7 94 94.1
International 5 5.6 6.1 4.9 6.4 5.8 7.8 6.5 4.5 6 4.5 5.1 6.5 6.6 6.1 5.5 5.3 4.4 6.6 4.7 4.9 5.5 5.9 5.4 6.1 5 7.6 5.8 5.9 4.4 7.2 6.4 4.2 5.8 5.7 4.4 6.2 5.8 6.5 5.8 6.1 5 5.3 3.7 6.3 6.7 4.3 4.8 5.2 6 7.2 4.5 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.1 9.1 6.8 6.2 4.5 6.2 6.5 6 6.2 6 7.2 4.9 6.3 4.3 6.1 7.2 6.4 4.7 5.7 5 6.4 5.6 5.6 6 4.4 5.3 5 6.1 7.7 6.9 5.3 4.3 5.8 6.8 5.2 6.6 5.8 4.5 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.4 5.7 7.4 5.6 5.5 5.7 7.5 4.3 5.1 6.5 9.4 4.4 5.5 6 4.8 7.2 5.1 5.7 7.7 4.4 7.4 5.2 7.4 4.9 5.3 4.7 6.4 6.6 6.3 8.6 6.5 7 4.9 5.9 6.8 2.4 5.8 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.1 7.3 6.7 5.7 7.4 4.9 6.1 5.1 5.4 7.3 5.8 4.6 5.5 6.7 5.8 3.9 6 5 6.8 4.5 7.1 5.7 5.4 6.5 4.9 5.9 5.4 6.1 6.4 6 3.4 6.3 6 5.9
Total 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
n 828 390.0 736.0 528.0 346.0 565.0 643.0 752.0 425.0 382 690.0 702.0 708.0 640.0 344.0 345.0 676.0 430.0 839.0 572.0 349.0 543.0 812.0 681.0 704.0 716 394.0 414.0 800.0 735.0 649.0 818.0 637.0 623.0 493.0 725.0 695.0 447.0 418.0 821.0 592.0 538 487.0 296.0 812.0 669.0 727.0 788.0 481.0 799 359.0 402.0 347.0 725.0 470.0 904.0 364.0 354.0 455.0 796.0 418.0 707.0 802 672.0 835 821.0 431.0 379.0 715.0 509.0 845.0 816.0 787.0 687.0 537 406.0 603.0 284.0 580 317.0 646.0 520 771.0 685.0 684.0 562.0 468.0 669.0 385.0 386.0 563.0 706.0 533.0 656.0 707.0 764.0 704.0 783.0 376.0 630.0 637.0 863.0 790.0 370.0 394.0 768.0 266.0 452.0 748.0 352 540.0 643.0 275.0 541.0 272.0 275.0 337.0 536.0 639.0 486.0 507.0 550.0 419.0 533.0 476.0 384.0 541.0 697 586.0 764.0 542.0 330.0 503.0 302.0 374.0 880.0 625.0 384.0 628.0 516.0 374.0 357.0 670.0 721.0 651.0 774.0 293.0 590.0 612.0 424.0 834.0 523.0 898.0 465.0 445.0 336.0 448 634 307.0 555.0 817.0 827.0 257.0 718.0 453.0 675.0 577.0 655.0 565.0 783 348.0 631.0 480 99151.0
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Domestic 0.27 0.05 -0.07 0.22 -0.10 0.01 -0.5 -0.18 0.30 -0.03 0.37 0.2 -0.17 -0.18 -0.05 0.07 0.14 0.31 -0.21 0.28 0.19 0.08 -0.01 0.12 -0.07 0.23 -0.36 0.01 0.00 0.42 -0.36 -0.15 0.42 0.02 0.04 0.40 -0.09 0.01 -0.13 0.00 -0.05 0.20 0.12 0.38 -0.12 -0.23 0.44 0.30 0.15 -0.04 -0.27 0.29 -0.15 -0.06 -0.07 -0.07 -0.63 -0.18 -0.06 0.39 -0.08 -0.18 -0.04 -0.10 -0.04 -0.39 0.21 -0.09 0.42 -0.05 -0.41 -0.15 0.34 0.05 0.2 -0.11 0.06 0.04 -0.04 0.27 0.16 0.20 -0.07 -0.51 -0.27 0.13 0.35 0.01 -0.18 0.14 -0.17 0.02 0.32 0.1 -0.1 -0.16 -0.14 0.03 -0.32 0.08 0.10 0.06 -0.47 0.31 0.16 -0.18 -0.59 0.32 0.11 -0.02 0.25 -0.34 0.13 0.03 -0.32 0.26 -0.29 0.15 -0.39 0.21 0.12 0.27 -0.12 -0.17 -0.1 -0.55 -0.15 -0.32 0.23 -0.01 -0.23 0.64 0.02 0.10 -0.06 -0.12 -0.18 -0.18 -0.17 -0.08 0.16 -0.28 -0.23 0.05 -0.40 0.27 -0.05 0.19 0.12 -0.31 0.03 0.3 0.13 -0.18 0.00 0.38 -0.04 0.21 -0.18 0.33 -0.36 0.05 0.07 -0.19 0.22 -0.02 0.12 -0.06 -0.12 -0.04 0.46 -0.12 -0.04
International -1.08 -0.18 0.28 -0.89 0.38 -0.02 2.0 0.74 -1.19 0.13 -1.49 -0.8 0.70 0.73 0.19 -0.27 -0.58 -1.24 0.83 -1.13 -0.77 -0.33 0.06 -0.46 0.27 -0.92 1.44 -0.06 0.01 -1.69 1.45 0.58 -1.69 -0.09 -0.17 -1.61 0.35 -0.04 0.50 -0.02 0.22 -0.81 -0.48 -1.53 0.49 0.92 -1.78 -1.21 -0.60 0.17 1.08 -1.15 0.59 0.23 0.28 0.27 2.52 0.71 0.26 -1.56 0.30 0.71 0.14 0.41 0.15 1.57 -0.85 0.38 -1.69 0.21 1.63 0.60 -1.35 -0.20 -0.8 0.45 -0.23 -0.16 0.17 -1.06 -0.63 -0.81 0.27 2.03 1.09 -0.51 -1.42 -0.04 0.72 -0.55 0.69 -0.06 -1.30 -0.4 0.4 0.63 0.58 -0.13 1.27 -0.32 -0.38 -0.22 1.86 -1.22 -0.64 0.74 2.38 -1.26 -0.43 0.08 -1.01 1.35 -0.53 -0.13 1.27 -1.03 1.18 -0.61 1.56 -0.84 -0.50 -1.10 0.49 0.67 0.4 2.21 0.58 1.27 -0.91 0.03 0.93 -2.58 -0.09 -0.41 0.23 0.47 0.72 0.73 0.69 0.32 -0.63 1.11 0.91 -0.20 1.59 -1.10 0.20 -0.78 -0.48 1.23 -0.13 -1.2 -0.50 0.72 -0.02 -1.51 0.14 -0.85 0.71 -1.32 1.46 -0.21 -0.27 0.76 -0.88 0.07 -0.49 0.26 0.50 0.16 -1.86 0.49 0.16

X-squared = 158.4854, df = 172, p = 0.7619

correlation_table(majors_demographics$international_status, majors_demographics$division)
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Domestic 8368 8284 5640 20754 12582 37710
International 561 516 321 1260 811 2344
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM Total n
Domestic 9.0 8.9 6.0 22.2 13.5 40.4 100 93338
International 9.7 8.9 5.5 21.7 14.0 40.3 100 5813
All 9.0 8.9 6.0 22.2 13.5 40.4 100 99151
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM All
Domestic 93.7 94.1 94.6 94.3 93.9 94.1 94.1
International 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.7 6.1 5.9 5.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8929.0 8800.0 5961.0 22014.0 13393.0 40054.0 99151.0
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Domestic -0.41 0 0.38 0.21 -0.23 0.02
International 1.64 0 -1.52 -0.85 0.92 -0.09

X-squared = 7.002, df = 5, p = 0.2205

Socioeconomic Status

The insignificant p-value means that there was no clear pattern between socioeconomic status and major. Thus, socioeconomic status did not impact the algorithm for major choice.

correlation_table(majors_demographics$socioeconomic_status, majors_demographics$major)
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Higher income 78 32 66 47 40 55 54 67 36 26 62 66 69 42 33 29 63 40 74 53 34 44 75 53 56 52 27 42 76 49 49 80 57 55 54 64 66 44 35 68 50 41 50 23 80 59 65 67 47 69 27 33 26 50 38 80 45 30 36 63 35 70 68 58 70 65 39 35 60 48 85 65 83 63 51 33 48 23 52 27 47 36 66 68 59 47 26 62 32 39 42 63 35 64 70 64 68 59 26 51 45 77 70 27 40 67 28 37 70 34 37 79 18 64 20 16 28 34 57 52 38 57 36 55 35 44 50 56 53 68 47 22 50 31 36 81 64 44 57 44 38 31 54 62 59 71 28 66 53 43 89 52 85 41 39 30 41 75 26 46 59 70 19 53 36 60 46 65 55 62 30 56 40
In poverty 195 80 147 112 61 120 119 152 75 83 144 135 143 146 65 54 152 103 163 106 73 102 148 140 136 143 85 87 158 150 130 163 134 107 116 135 127 94 86 176 126 101 83 53 156 133 140 162 94 133 64 87 64 150 91 162 80 86 87 160 87 126 159 142 164 160 76 81 135 103 146 180 139 122 108 81 118 60 127 68 124 93 169 131 136 120 96 126 69 80 124 146 112 127 133 137 139 149 68 127 124 193 164 73 68 164 47 84 156 66 114 138 51 104 52 47 69 108 130 96 90 121 80 94 90 65 117 129 96 147 104 70 98 64 65 173 123 80 134 95 61 73 119 167 135 160 55 111 118 75 167 90 182 81 79 61 90 146 68 96 172 166 54 158 91 127 123 114 114 169 84 120 100
Lower-middle income 120 46 116 76 57 88 84 107 72 55 100 96 102 96 56 64 99 47 128 88 44 90 96 118 102 99 69 49 112 99 90 133 80 94 70 96 95 69 66 135 72 71 64 55 114 110 99 125 72 124 54 55 49 106 74 135 48 51 64 121 55 103 115 113 142 121 60 38 112 66 123 135 117 92 83 64 103 48 87 51 107 75 105 90 93 102 69 109 54 59 79 107 93 90 99 117 109 108 56 79 100 146 97 63 59 104 40 67 110 48 85 87 41 66 48 44 45 73 114 70 69 74 60 90 64 50 79 118 106 106 95 57 78 44 57 138 87 57 88 92 59 55 96 97 101 118 48 87 86 67 136 76 138 77 61 71 76 95 53 80 120 104 42 89 64 111 102 88 76 127 46 94 82
Middle income 273 148 267 197 125 207 238 287 167 139 250 261 255 233 133 133 239 148 302 209 134 208 334 254 260 276 141 163 307 265 253 292 226 242 159 287 256 149 149 296 224 216 198 112 306 251 267 281 171 295 139 162 129 265 189 368 121 130 181 306 159 269 322 246 315 306 175 136 247 191 320 291 289 274 198 132 233 107 190 113 239 215 284 258 252 202 174 248 143 136 213 256 186 237 259 294 252 304 136 237 246 283 306 135 152 284 99 175 261 143 198 217 113 194 100 106 119 206 218 173 201 205 166 193 189 152 188 257 211 301 186 115 181 110 145 323 234 139 227 199 151 133 266 250 244 289 109 214 235 155 297 211 335 182 174 114 155 200 113 218 307 314 88 275 154 255 201 260 217 287 128 219 163
Near poverty 162 84 140 96 63 95 148 139 75 79 134 144 139 123 57 65 123 92 172 116 64 99 159 116 150 146 72 73 147 172 127 150 140 125 94 143 151 91 82 146 120 109 92 53 156 116 156 153 97 178 75 65 79 154 78 159 70 57 87 146 82 139 138 113 144 169 81 89 161 101 171 145 159 136 97 96 101 46 124 58 129 101 147 138 144 91 103 124 87 72 105 134 107 138 146 152 136 163 90 136 122 164 153 72 75 149 52 89 151 61 106 122 52 113 52 62 76 115 120 95 109 93 77 101 98 73 107 137 120 142 110 66 96 53 71 165 117 64 122 86 65 65 135 145 112 136 53 112 120 84 145 94 158 84 92 60 86 118 47 115 159 173 54 143 108 122 105 128 103 138 60 142 95
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology Total n
Higher income 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 100 8741
In poverty 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 19654
Lower-middle income 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 100 14732
Middle income 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.4 100 36774
Near poverty 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.5 100 19250
All 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 99151
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology All
Higher income 9.4 8.2 9.0 8.9 11.6 9.7 8.4 8.9 8.5 6.8 9.0 9.4 9.7 6.6 9.6 8.4 9.3 9.3 8.8 9.3 9.7 8.1 9.2 7.8 8.0 7.3 6.9 10.1 9.5 6.7 7.6 9.8 8.9 8.8 11.0 8.8 9.5 9.8 8.4 8.3 8.4 7.6 10.3 7.8 9.9 8.8 8.9 8.5 9.8 8.6 7.5 8.2 7.5 6.9 8.1 8.8 12.4 8.5 7.9 7.9 8.4 9.9 8.5 8.6 8.4 7.9 9.0 9.2 8.4 9.4 10.1 8.0 10.5 9.2 9.5 8.1 8.0 8.1 9.0 8.5 7.3 6.9 8.6 9.9 8.6 8.4 5.6 9.3 8.3 10.1 7.5 8.9 6.6 9.8 9.9 8.4 9.7 7.5 6.9 8.1 7.1 8.9 8.9 7.3 10.2 8.7 10.5 8.2 9.4 9.7 6.9 12.3 6.5 11.8 7.4 5.8 8.3 6.3 8.9 10.7 7.5 10.4 8.6 10.3 7.4 11.5 9.2 8.0 9.0 8.9 8.7 6.7 9.9 10.3 9.6 9.2 10.2 11.5 9.1 8.5 10.2 8.7 8.1 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.6 11.2 8.7 10.1 10.7 9.9 9.5 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.2 11.8 8.5 8.3 7.2 8.5 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.9 8.0 9.9 9.7 7.9 8.6 8.9 8.3 8.8
In poverty 23.6 20.5 20.0 21.2 17.6 21.2 18.5 20.2 17.6 21.7 20.9 19.2 20.2 22.8 18.9 15.7 22.5 24.0 19.4 18.5 20.9 18.8 18.2 20.6 19.3 20.0 21.6 21.0 19.8 20.4 20.0 19.9 21.0 17.2 23.5 18.6 18.3 21.0 20.6 21.4 21.3 18.8 17.0 17.9 19.2 19.9 19.3 20.6 19.5 16.6 17.8 21.6 18.4 20.7 19.4 17.9 22.0 24.3 19.1 20.1 20.8 17.8 19.8 21.1 19.6 19.5 17.6 21.4 18.9 20.2 17.3 22.1 17.7 17.8 20.1 20.0 19.6 21.1 21.9 21.5 19.2 17.9 21.9 19.1 19.9 21.4 20.5 18.8 17.9 20.7 22.0 20.7 21.0 19.4 18.8 17.9 19.7 19.0 18.1 20.2 19.5 22.4 20.8 19.7 17.3 21.4 17.7 18.6 20.9 18.8 21.1 21.5 18.5 19.2 19.1 17.1 20.5 20.1 20.3 19.8 17.8 22.0 19.1 17.6 18.9 16.9 21.6 18.5 16.4 19.2 19.2 21.2 19.5 21.2 17.4 19.7 19.7 20.8 21.3 18.4 16.3 20.4 17.8 23.2 20.7 20.7 18.8 18.8 19.3 17.7 20.0 17.2 20.3 17.4 17.8 18.2 20.1 23.0 22.1 17.3 21.1 20.1 21.0 22.0 20.1 18.8 21.3 17.4 20.2 21.6 24.1 19.0 20.8 19.8
Lower-middle income 14.5 11.8 15.8 14.4 16.5 15.6 13.1 14.2 16.9 14.4 14.5 13.7 14.4 15.0 16.3 18.6 14.6 10.9 15.3 15.4 12.6 16.6 11.8 17.3 14.5 13.8 17.5 11.8 14.0 13.5 13.9 16.3 12.6 15.1 14.2 13.2 13.7 15.4 15.8 16.4 12.2 13.2 13.1 18.6 14.0 16.4 13.6 15.9 15.0 15.5 15.0 13.7 14.1 14.6 15.7 14.9 13.2 14.4 14.1 15.2 13.2 14.6 14.3 16.8 17.0 14.7 13.9 10.0 15.7 13.0 14.6 16.5 14.9 13.4 15.5 15.8 17.1 16.9 15.0 16.1 16.6 14.4 13.6 13.1 13.6 18.1 14.7 16.3 14.0 15.3 14.0 15.2 17.4 13.7 14.0 15.3 15.5 13.8 14.9 12.5 15.7 16.9 12.3 17.0 15.0 13.5 15.0 14.8 14.7 13.6 15.7 13.5 14.9 12.2 17.6 16.0 13.4 13.6 17.8 14.4 13.6 13.5 14.3 16.9 13.4 13.0 14.6 16.9 18.1 13.9 17.5 17.3 15.5 14.6 15.2 15.7 13.9 14.8 14.0 17.8 15.8 15.4 14.3 13.5 15.5 15.2 16.4 14.7 14.1 15.8 16.3 14.5 15.4 16.6 13.7 21.1 17.0 15.0 17.3 14.4 14.7 12.6 16.3 12.4 14.1 16.4 17.7 13.4 13.5 16.2 13.2 14.9 17.1 14.9
Middle income 33.0 37.9 36.3 37.3 36.1 36.6 37.0 38.2 39.3 36.4 36.2 37.2 36.0 36.4 38.7 38.6 35.4 34.4 36.0 36.5 38.4 38.3 41.1 37.3 36.9 38.5 35.8 39.4 38.4 36.1 39.0 35.7 35.5 38.8 32.3 39.6 36.8 33.3 35.6 36.1 37.8 40.1 40.7 37.8 37.7 37.5 36.7 35.7 35.6 36.9 38.7 40.3 37.2 36.6 40.2 40.7 33.2 36.7 39.8 38.4 38.0 38.0 40.1 36.6 37.7 37.3 40.6 35.9 34.5 37.5 37.9 35.7 36.7 39.9 36.9 32.5 38.6 37.7 32.8 35.6 37.0 41.3 36.8 37.7 36.8 35.9 37.2 37.1 37.1 35.2 37.8 36.3 34.9 36.1 36.6 38.5 35.8 38.8 36.2 37.6 38.6 32.8 38.7 36.5 38.6 37.0 37.2 38.7 34.9 40.6 36.7 33.7 41.1 35.9 36.8 38.5 35.3 38.4 34.1 35.6 39.6 37.3 39.6 36.2 39.7 39.6 34.8 36.9 36.0 39.4 34.3 34.8 36.0 36.4 38.8 36.7 37.4 36.2 36.1 38.6 40.4 37.3 39.7 34.7 37.5 37.3 37.2 36.3 38.4 36.6 35.6 40.3 37.3 39.1 39.1 33.9 34.6 31.5 36.8 39.3 37.6 38.0 34.2 38.3 34.0 37.8 34.8 39.7 38.4 36.7 36.8 34.7 34.0 37.1
Near poverty 19.6 21.5 19.0 18.2 18.2 16.8 23.0 18.5 17.6 20.7 19.4 20.5 19.6 19.2 16.6 18.8 18.2 21.4 20.5 20.3 18.3 18.2 19.6 17.0 21.3 20.4 18.3 17.6 18.4 23.4 19.6 18.3 22.0 20.1 19.1 19.7 21.7 20.4 19.6 17.8 20.3 20.3 18.9 17.9 19.2 17.3 21.5 19.4 20.2 22.3 20.9 16.2 22.8 21.2 16.6 17.6 19.2 16.1 19.1 18.3 19.6 19.7 17.2 16.8 17.2 20.6 18.8 23.5 22.5 19.8 20.2 17.8 20.2 19.8 18.1 23.6 16.7 16.2 21.4 18.3 20.0 19.4 19.1 20.1 21.1 16.2 22.0 18.5 22.6 18.7 18.7 19.0 20.1 21.0 20.7 19.9 19.3 20.8 23.9 21.6 19.2 19.0 19.4 19.5 19.0 19.4 19.5 19.7 20.2 17.3 19.6 19.0 18.9 20.9 19.1 22.5 22.6 21.5 18.8 19.5 21.5 16.9 18.4 18.9 20.6 19.0 19.8 19.7 20.5 18.6 20.3 20.0 19.1 17.5 19.0 18.8 18.7 16.7 19.4 16.7 17.4 18.2 20.1 20.1 17.2 17.6 18.1 19.0 19.6 19.8 17.4 18.0 17.6 18.1 20.7 17.9 19.2 18.6 15.3 20.7 19.5 20.9 21.0 19.9 23.8 18.1 18.2 19.5 18.2 17.6 17.2 22.5 19.8 19.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 828.0 390.0 736.0 528.0 346.0 565.0 643.0 752.0 425.0 382.0 690.0 702.0 708.0 640.0 344.0 345.0 676.0 430.0 839.0 572.0 349.0 543.0 812.0 681.0 704.0 716.0 394.0 414.0 800.0 735.0 649.0 818.0 637.0 623.0 493.0 725.0 695.0 447.0 418.0 821.0 592.0 538.0 487.0 296.0 812.0 669.0 727.0 788.0 481.0 799.0 359.0 402.0 347.0 725.0 470.0 904.0 364.0 354.0 455.0 796.0 418.0 707.0 802.0 672.0 835.0 821.0 431.0 379.0 715.0 509.0 845.0 816.0 787.0 687.0 537.0 406.0 603.0 284.0 580.0 317.0 646.0 520.0 771.0 685.0 684.0 562.0 468.0 669.0 385.0 386.0 563.0 706.0 533.0 656.0 707.0 764.0 704.0 783.0 376.0 630.0 637.0 863.0 790.0 370.0 394.0 768.0 266.0 452.0 748.0 352.0 540.0 643.0 275.0 541.0 272.0 275.0 337.0 536.0 639.0 486.0 507.0 550.0 419.0 533.0 476.0 384.0 541.0 697.0 586.0 764.0 542.0 330.0 503.0 302.0 374.0 880.0 625.0 384.0 628.0 516.0 374.0 357.0 670.0 721.0 651.0 774.0 293.0 590.0 612.0 424.0 834.0 523.0 898.0 465.0 445.0 336.0 448.0 634.0 307.0 555.0 817.0 827.0 257.0 718.0 453.0 675.0 577.0 655.0 565.0 783.0 348.0 631.0 480.0 99151.0
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Higher income 0.59 -0.41 0.14 0.07 1.72 0.74 -0.36 0.09 -0.24 -1.32 0.15 0.52 0.83 -1.92 0.49 -0.26 0.44 0.34 0.00 0.36 0.58 -0.56 0.40 -0.91 -0.77 -1.40 -1.31 0.91 0.65 -1.96 -1.09 0.93 0.11 0.01 1.60 0.01 0.60 0.73 -0.30 -0.51 -0.30 -0.93 1.08 -0.61 0.99 0.00 0.11 -0.30 0.71 -0.17 -0.83 -0.41 -0.83 -1.74 -0.53 0.03 2.28 -0.22 -0.65 -0.86 -0.30 0.97 -0.32 -0.16 -0.42 -0.87 0.16 0.27 -0.38 0.47 1.22 -0.82 1.64 0.31 0.53 -0.47 -0.71 -0.41 0.12 -0.18 -1.32 -1.45 -0.24 0.98 -0.17 -0.36 -2.38 0.39 -0.33 0.85 -1.08 0.10 -1.75 0.81 0.97 -0.41 0.75 -1.21 -1.24 -0.61 -1.49 0.11 0.04 -0.98 0.89 -0.09 0.94 -0.45 0.50 0.53 -1.54 2.96 -1.27 2.36 -0.81 -1.67 -0.31 -1.93 0.09 1.40 -1.00 1.22 -0.15 1.17 -1.07 1.74 0.33 -0.69 0.19 0.08 -0.11 -1.31 0.85 0.85 0.53 0.39 1.20 1.74 0.22 -0.22 0.88 -0.08 -0.66 -0.20 0.21 0.33 0.43 1.94 -0.13 0.92 1.80 0.87 0.66 0.00 -0.04 0.07 0.24 2.56 -0.20 -0.42 -1.53 -0.34 -0.77 -1.29 -0.62 0.06 -0.68 0.95 0.74 -0.85 -0.12 0.05 -0.36
In poverty 2.41 0.31 0.09 0.72 -0.92 0.76 -0.75 0.24 -1.01 0.84 0.62 -0.35 0.22 1.70 -0.39 -1.74 1.56 1.92 -0.26 -0.69 0.46 -0.54 -1.02 0.43 -0.30 0.09 0.78 0.54 -0.05 0.36 0.12 0.07 0.69 -1.48 1.85 -0.73 -0.92 0.57 0.35 1.04 0.80 -0.55 -1.38 -0.74 -0.39 0.03 -0.34 0.46 -0.14 -2.02 -0.85 0.82 -0.58 0.52 -0.22 -1.28 0.92 1.89 -0.34 0.18 0.46 -1.19 0.00 0.76 -0.12 -0.21 -1.02 0.68 -0.57 0.21 -1.66 1.43 -1.36 -1.22 0.15 0.06 -0.14 0.49 1.12 0.65 -0.36 -0.99 1.31 -0.41 0.04 0.81 0.34 -0.57 -0.84 0.40 1.17 0.51 0.62 -0.27 -0.60 -1.17 -0.05 -0.50 -0.76 0.19 -0.20 1.68 0.59 -0.04 -1.14 0.95 -0.79 -0.59 0.63 -0.45 0.67 0.93 -0.48 -0.31 -0.26 -1.02 0.27 0.17 0.30 -0.03 -1.05 1.15 -0.34 -1.13 -0.45 -1.27 0.94 -0.78 -1.87 -0.36 -0.33 0.57 -0.17 0.53 -1.06 -0.11 -0.08 0.44 0.85 -0.72 -1.53 0.27 -1.20 2.01 0.52 0.53 -0.40 -0.55 -0.30 -0.99 0.13 -1.34 0.30 -1.16 -0.98 -0.69 0.13 1.81 0.92 -1.34 0.79 0.16 0.43 1.31 0.13 -0.59 0.81 -1.39 0.19 1.11 1.81 -0.45 0.50
Lower-middle income -0.27 -1.57 0.64 -0.28 0.78 0.44 -1.18 -0.45 1.11 -0.23 -0.25 -0.81 -0.31 0.09 0.68 1.78 -0.14 -2.11 0.30 0.33 -1.09 1.04 -2.24 1.67 -0.25 -0.72 1.37 -1.60 -0.63 -0.98 -0.65 1.04 -1.51 0.15 -0.38 -1.13 -0.81 0.32 0.49 1.18 -1.70 -1.00 -0.98 1.66 -0.61 1.06 -0.87 0.73 0.06 0.48 0.09 -0.61 -0.36 -0.17 0.50 0.06 -0.83 -0.22 -0.44 0.25 -0.90 -0.20 -0.38 1.32 1.61 -0.09 -0.50 -2.44 0.56 -1.11 -0.23 1.25 0.01 -1.00 0.36 0.47 1.42 0.89 0.09 0.57 1.12 -0.26 -0.89 -1.17 -0.86 2.02 -0.06 0.96 -0.42 0.22 -0.51 0.21 1.55 -0.76 -0.59 0.33 0.43 -0.77 0.02 -1.51 0.55 1.57 -1.88 1.08 0.06 -0.95 0.08 -0.02 -0.11 -0.59 0.53 -0.87 0.02 -1.60 1.19 0.49 -0.72 -0.74 1.96 -0.26 -0.73 -0.85 -0.29 1.21 -0.80 -0.93 -0.15 1.42 2.03 -0.71 1.61 1.14 0.38 -0.13 0.19 0.63 -0.61 -0.01 -0.55 1.75 0.46 0.27 -0.36 -0.98 0.43 0.28 0.68 -0.07 -0.52 0.50 1.09 -0.19 0.40 0.95 -0.63 2.98 1.16 0.08 1.09 -0.27 -0.13 -1.70 0.62 -1.71 -0.40 1.07 1.76 -0.94 -0.87 0.99 -0.79 0.03 1.26
Middle income -1.95 0.28 -0.36 0.08 -0.29 -0.18 -0.03 0.48 0.75 -0.23 -0.37 0.04 -0.47 -0.28 0.48 0.45 -0.74 -0.91 -0.52 -0.22 0.40 0.47 1.89 0.09 -0.07 0.64 -0.42 0.76 0.60 -0.46 0.79 -0.65 -0.67 0.72 -1.76 1.10 -0.11 -1.30 -0.48 -0.49 0.30 1.17 1.29 0.21 0.28 0.18 -0.16 -0.66 -0.55 -0.08 0.51 1.06 0.03 -0.24 1.11 1.79 -1.21 -0.11 0.94 0.63 0.32 0.42 1.42 -0.21 0.30 0.09 1.20 -0.39 -1.12 0.16 0.37 -0.67 -0.17 1.20 -0.08 -1.51 0.63 0.16 -1.71 -0.42 -0.04 1.59 -0.12 0.25 -0.11 -0.45 0.03 -0.01 0.02 -0.60 0.29 -0.36 -0.83 -0.40 -0.20 0.63 -0.56 0.80 -0.29 0.22 0.63 -2.07 0.76 -0.19 0.49 -0.05 0.03 0.57 -0.99 1.09 -0.16 -1.39 1.09 -0.47 -0.09 0.40 -0.54 0.51 -1.23 -0.54 0.95 0.07 0.85 -0.33 0.94 0.80 -0.89 -0.09 -0.43 1.05 -1.06 -0.67 -0.41 -0.19 0.53 -0.19 0.14 -0.29 -0.39 0.55 1.04 0.05 1.11 -1.06 0.16 0.11 0.03 -0.33 0.53 -0.18 -0.70 1.22 0.11 0.73 0.70 -0.95 -0.87 -2.29 -0.08 0.85 0.23 0.42 -0.75 0.53 -1.08 0.29 -0.89 1.10 0.51 -0.20 -0.09 -0.98 -1.13
Near poverty 0.10 0.95 -0.24 -0.64 -0.51 -1.40 2.07 -0.58 -0.83 0.56 0.00 0.66 0.13 -0.11 -1.20 -0.24 -0.72 0.93 0.71 0.47 -0.46 -0.63 0.11 -1.41 1.14 0.59 -0.51 -0.82 -0.67 2.45 0.09 -0.70 1.47 0.37 -0.18 0.19 1.38 0.45 0.09 -1.06 0.47 0.45 -0.26 -0.59 -0.13 -1.22 1.25 0.00 0.37 1.84 0.63 -1.48 1.42 1.12 -1.39 -1.25 -0.08 -1.41 -0.14 -0.69 0.09 0.15 -1.42 -1.53 -1.42 0.76 -0.29 1.80 1.88 0.22 0.54 -1.07 0.50 0.23 -0.71 1.93 -1.49 -1.23 1.07 -0.45 0.32 0.00 -0.22 0.43 0.97 -1.73 1.27 -0.52 1.42 -0.34 -0.41 -0.26 0.35 0.94 0.75 0.30 -0.06 0.89 1.99 1.24 -0.15 -0.27 -0.03 0.02 -0.17 -0.01 0.05 0.13 0.48 -0.89 0.11 -0.25 -0.19 0.78 -0.11 1.18 1.31 1.07 -0.36 0.07 1.07 -1.33 -0.48 -0.24 0.58 -0.18 0.19 0.14 0.58 -0.52 0.47 0.24 -0.17 -0.74 -0.19 -0.45 -0.39 -1.22 0.01 -1.42 -0.89 -0.52 0.43 0.42 -1.28 -1.16 -0.52 -0.24 0.11 0.19 -1.33 -0.75 -1.24 -0.66 0.60 -0.65 -0.10 -0.46 -1.63 0.70 0.03 0.98 0.58 0.31 2.14 -0.79 -0.66 0.07 -0.64 -1.14 -0.92 1.76 0.19

X-squared = 667.995, df = 688, p = 0.7008

correlation_table(majors_demographics$socioeconomic_status, majors_demographics$division)
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Higher income 829 785 487 1873 1193 3574
In poverty 1781 1778 1173 4324 2599 7999
Lower-middle income 1325 1340 893 3282 2020 5872
Middle income 3267 3227 2220 8225 5061 14774
Near poverty 1727 1670 1188 4310 2520 7835
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM Total n
Higher income 9.5 9.0 5.6 21.4 13.6 40.9 100 8741
In poverty 9.1 9.0 6.0 22.0 13.2 40.7 100 19654
Lower-middle income 9.0 9.1 6.1 22.3 13.7 39.9 100 14732
Middle income 8.9 8.8 6.0 22.4 13.8 40.2 100 36774
Near poverty 9.0 8.7 6.2 22.4 13.1 40.7 100 19250
All 9.0 8.9 6.0 22.2 13.5 40.4 100 99151
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM All
Higher income 9.3 8.9 8.2 8.5 8.9 8.9 8.8
In poverty 19.9 20.2 19.7 19.6 19.4 20.0 19.8
Lower-middle income 14.8 15.2 15.0 14.9 15.1 14.7 14.9
Middle income 36.6 36.7 37.2 37.4 37.8 36.9 37.1
Near poverty 19.3 19.0 19.9 19.6 18.8 19.6 19.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8929.0 8800.0 5961.0 22014.0 13393.0 40054.0 99151.0
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Higher income 1.49 0.33 -1.68 -1.54 0.36 0.72
In poverty 0.26 0.81 -0.25 -0.60 -1.08 0.67
Lower-middle income -0.05 0.90 0.25 0.19 0.67 -1.03
Middle income -0.78 -0.64 0.19 0.67 1.33 -0.67
Near poverty -0.16 -0.93 0.90 0.55 -1.57 0.66

X-squared = 21.984, df = 20, p = 0.3414

Gender

Gender is different than the other demographics because major choice was explicitly based on the gender ratio. First, we make the same table from the other demographics, comparing major and gender. Notice that this is the only demographic with a significant p-value.

correlation_table(majors_demographics$gender, majors_demographics$major)
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Female 443 182 441 187 152 237 399 467 208 168 336 423 435 429 157 154 361 203 479 261 211 258 441 330 366 314 275 250 468 522 340 492 391 370 196 323 306 199 155 381 218 311 349 104 421 353 411 559 286 395 238 302 97 314 221 585 150 104 197 489 217 398 536 337 402 487 284 121 440 263 439 512 354 426 317 261 282 119 286 150 410 283 384 418 442 379 299 336 268 123 225 443 334 389 405 474 486 466 305 396 288 513 423 157 172 376 81 271 276 84 402 418 91 327 105 75 204 310 308 282 208 213 209 365 334 226 316 375 375 411 265 61 289 82 232 576 424 232 285 302 115 246 413 353 345 428 165 288 347 195 414 334 563 245 267 266 284 372 203 297 552 476 83 472 240 404 386 315 203 482 165 412 301
Male 332 192 252 324 183 304 204 242 194 205 316 238 238 170 174 179 276 210 313 286 114 269 336 322 303 377 90 145 296 166 282 287 204 215 283 370 366 231 248 410 362 191 93 178 342 289 278 180 172 363 96 80 240 383 232 253 203 241 236 268 177 273 211 292 394 290 127 247 243 223 356 264 394 225 189 127 291 155 270 155 198 191 351 220 204 139 139 308 94 253 316 231 170 241 266 255 180 284 46 198 314 312 317 197 210 349 178 153 444 262 104 191 174 190 154 195 119 200 300 177 275 312 191 140 109 132 200 294 180 321 249 259 184 214 106 253 167 131 305 191 249 85 218 336 276 302 102 285 240 208 375 157 291 188 152 40 135 236 83 237 217 293 163 196 206 241 150 311 337 260 171 187 152
Nonbinary 53 16 43 17 11 24 40 43 23 9 38 41 35 41 13 12 39 17 47 25 24 16 35 29 35 25 29 19 36 47 27 39 42 38 14 32 23 17 15 30 12 36 45 14 49 27 38 49 23 41 25 20 10 28 17 66 11 9 22 39 24 36 55 43 39 44 20 11 32 23 50 40 39 36 31 18 30 10 24 12 38 46 36 47 38 44 30 25 23 10 22 32 29 26 36 35 38 33 25 36 35 38 50 16 12 43 7 28 28 6 34 34 10 24 13 5 14 26 31 27 24 25 19 28 33 26 25 28 31 32 28 10 30 6 36 51 34 21 38 23 10 26 39 32 30 44 26 17 25 21 45 32 44 32 26 30 29 26 21 21 48 58 11 50 7 30 41 29 25 41 12 32 27
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology Total n
Female 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 100 54284
Male 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 100 39845
Nonbinary 1.1 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.5 100 5022
All 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 100 99151
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology All
Female 53.5 46.7 59.9 35.4 43.9 41.9 62.1 62.1 48.9 44.0 48.7 60.3 61.4 67.0 45.6 44.6 53.4 47.2 57.1 45.6 60.5 47.5 54.3 48.5 52 43.9 69.8 60.4 58.5 71.0 52.4 60.1 61.4 59.4 39.8 44.6 44.0 44.5 37.1 46.4 36.8 57.8 71.7 35.1 51.8 52.8 56.5 70.9 59.5 49.4 66.3 75.1 28.0 43.3 47.0 64.7 41.2 29.4 43.3 61.4 51.9 56.3 66.8 50.1 48.1 59.3 65.9 31.9 61.5 51.7 52.0 62.7 45.0 62.0 59.0 64.3 46.8 41.9 49.3 47.3 63.5 54.4 49.8 61.0 64.6 67.4 63.9 50.2 69.6 31.9 40.0 62.7 62.7 59.3 57.3 62.0 69.0 59.5 81.1 62.9 45.2 59.4 53.5 42.4 43.7 49.0 30.5 60.0 36.9 23.9 74.4 65.0 33.1 60.4 38.6 27.3 60.5 57.8 48.2 58.0 41.0 38.7 49.9 68.5 70.2 58.9 58.4 53.8 64.0 53.8 48.9 18.5 57.5 27.2 62.0 65.5 67.8 60.4 45.4 58.5 30.7 68.9 61.6 49.0 53.0 55.3 56.3 48.8 56.7 46.0 49.6 63.9 62.7 52.7 60.0 79.2 63.4 58.7 66.1 53.5 67.6 57.6 32.3 65.7 53.0 59.9 66.9 48.1 35.9 61.6 47.4 65.3 62.7 54.7
Male 40.1 49.2 34.2 61.4 52.9 53.8 31.7 32.2 45.6 53.7 45.8 33.9 33.6 26.6 50.6 51.9 40.8 48.8 37.3 50.0 32.7 49.5 41.4 47.3 43 52.7 22.8 35.0 37.0 22.6 43.5 35.1 32.0 34.5 57.4 51.0 52.7 51.7 59.3 49.9 61.1 35.5 19.1 60.1 42.1 43.2 38.2 22.8 35.8 45.4 26.7 19.9 69.2 52.8 49.4 28.0 55.8 68.1 51.9 33.7 42.3 38.6 26.3 43.5 47.2 35.3 29.5 65.2 34.0 43.8 42.1 32.4 50.1 32.8 35.2 31.3 48.3 54.6 46.6 48.9 30.7 36.7 45.5 32.1 29.8 24.7 29.7 46.0 24.4 65.5 56.1 32.7 31.9 36.7 37.6 33.4 25.6 36.3 12.2 31.4 49.3 36.2 40.1 53.2 53.3 45.4 66.9 33.8 59.4 74.4 19.3 29.7 63.3 35.1 56.6 70.9 35.3 37.3 46.9 36.4 54.2 56.7 45.6 26.3 22.9 34.4 37.0 42.2 30.7 42.0 45.9 78.5 36.6 70.9 28.3 28.7 26.7 34.1 48.6 37.0 66.6 23.8 32.5 46.6 42.4 39.0 34.8 48.3 39.2 49.1 45.0 30.0 32.4 40.4 34.2 11.9 30.1 37.2 27.0 42.7 26.6 35.4 63.4 27.3 45.5 35.7 26.0 47.5 59.6 33.2 49.1 29.6 31.7 40.2
Nonbinary 6.4 4.1 5.8 3.2 3.2 4.2 6.2 5.7 5.4 2.4 5.5 5.8 4.9 6.4 3.8 3.5 5.8 4.0 5.6 4.4 6.9 2.9 4.3 4.3 5 3.5 7.4 4.6 4.5 6.4 4.2 4.8 6.6 6.1 2.8 4.4 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.7 2.0 6.7 9.2 4.7 6.0 4.0 5.2 6.2 4.8 5.1 7.0 5.0 2.9 3.9 3.6 7.3 3.0 2.5 4.8 4.9 5.7 5.1 6.9 6.4 4.7 5.4 4.6 2.9 4.5 4.5 5.9 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.8 4.4 5.0 3.5 4.1 3.8 5.9 8.8 4.7 6.9 5.6 7.8 6.4 3.7 6.0 2.6 3.9 4.5 5.4 4.0 5.1 4.6 5.4 4.2 6.6 5.7 5.5 4.4 6.3 4.3 3.0 5.6 2.6 6.2 3.7 1.7 6.3 5.3 3.6 4.4 4.8 1.8 4.2 4.9 4.9 5.6 4.7 4.5 4.5 5.3 6.9 6.8 4.6 4.0 5.3 4.2 5.2 3.0 6.0 2.0 9.6 5.8 5.4 5.5 6.1 4.5 2.7 7.3 5.8 4.4 4.6 5.7 8.9 2.9 4.1 5.0 5.4 6.1 4.9 6.9 5.8 8.9 6.5 4.1 6.8 3.8 5.9 7.0 4.3 7.0 1.5 4.4 7.1 4.4 4.4 5.2 3.4 5.1 5.6 5.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 828.0 390.0 736.0 528.0 346.0 565.0 643.0 752.0 425.0 382.0 690.0 702.0 708.0 640.0 344.0 345.0 676.0 430.0 839.0 572.0 349.0 543.0 812.0 681.0 704 716.0 394.0 414.0 800.0 735.0 649.0 818.0 637.0 623.0 493.0 725.0 695.0 447.0 418.0 821.0 592.0 538.0 487.0 296.0 812.0 669.0 727.0 788.0 481.0 799.0 359.0 402.0 347.0 725.0 470.0 904.0 364.0 354.0 455.0 796.0 418.0 707.0 802.0 672.0 835.0 821.0 431.0 379.0 715.0 509.0 845.0 816.0 787.0 687.0 537.0 406.0 603.0 284.0 580.0 317.0 646.0 520.0 771.0 685.0 684.0 562.0 468.0 669.0 385.0 386.0 563.0 706.0 533.0 656.0 707.0 764.0 704.0 783.0 376.0 630.0 637.0 863.0 790.0 370.0 394.0 768.0 266.0 452.0 748.0 352.0 540.0 643.0 275.0 541.0 272.0 275.0 337.0 536.0 639.0 486.0 507.0 550.0 419.0 533.0 476.0 384.0 541.0 697.0 586.0 764.0 542.0 330.0 503.0 302.0 374.0 880.0 625.0 384.0 628.0 516.0 374.0 357.0 670.0 721.0 651.0 774.0 293.0 590.0 612.0 424.0 834.0 523.0 898.0 465.0 445.0 336.0 448.0 634.0 307.0 555.0 817.0 827.0 257.0 718.0 453.0 675.0 577.0 655.0 565.0 783.0 348.0 631.0 480.0 99151.0
Accounting Actuarial Science Advertising And Public Relations Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Economics Agriculture Production And Management Animal Sciences Anthropology And Archeology Applied Mathematics Architectural Engineering Architecture Area Ethnic And Civilization Studies Art And Music Education Art History And Criticism Astronomy And Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences And Meteorology Biochemical Sciences Biological Engineering Biology Biomedical Engineering Botany Business Economics Business Management And Administration Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology Cognitive Science And Biopsychology Commercial Art And Graphic Design Communication Disorders Sciences And Services Communication Technologies Communications Community And Public Health Composition And Rhetoric Computer Administration Management And Security Computer And Information Systems Computer Engineering Computer Networking And Telecommunications Computer Programming And Data Processing Computer Science Construction Services Cosmetology Services And Culinary Arts Counseling Psychology Court Reporting Criminal Justice And Fire Protection Criminology Drama And Theater Arts Early Childhood Education Ecology Economics Educational Administration And Supervision Educational Psychology Electric, Mechanical, And Precision Tech Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology Elementary Education Engineering And Industrial Management Engineering Mechanics Physics And Science Engineering Technologies English Language And Literature Environmental Engineering Environmental Science Family And Consumer Sciences Film Video And Photographic Arts Finance Fine Arts Food Science Forestry French German And Other Language Studies General Agriculture General Business General Education General Engineering General Medical And Health Services General Social Sciences Genetics Geography Geological And Geophysical Engineering Geology And Earth Science Geosciences Health And Medical Administrative Services Health And Medical Preparatory Programs History Hospitality Management Human Resources And Personnel Management Human Services And Community Organization Humanities Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Industrial And Organizational Psychology Industrial Production Technologies Information Sciences Intercultural And International Studies Interdisciplinary Social Sciences International Business International Relations Journalism Language And Drama Education Liberal Arts Library Science Linguistics And Comparative Language And Literature Management Information Systems And Statistics Marketing And Marketing Research Mass Media Materials Engineering And Materials Science Materials Science Mathematics Mathematics And Computer Science Mathematics Teacher Education Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies Medical Assisting Services Medical Technologies Technicians Metallurgical Engineering Microbiology Military Technologies Mining And Mineral Engineering Miscellaneous Agriculture Miscellaneous Biology Miscellaneous Business And Medical Administration Miscellaneous Education Miscellaneous Engineering Miscellaneous Engineering Technologies Miscellaneous Fine Arts Miscellaneous Health Medical Professions Miscellaneous Psychology Miscellaneous Social Sciences Molecular Biology Multi-Disciplinary Or General Science Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Music Natural Resources Management Naval Architecture And Marine Engineering Neuroscience Nuclear Engineering Nuclear, Industrial Radiology, And Biological Technologies Nursing Nutrition Sciences Oceanography Operations Logistics And E-Commerce Other Foreign Languages Petroleum Engineering Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences And Administration Philosophy And Religious Studies Physical And Health Education Teaching Physical Fitness Parks Recreation And Leisure Physical Sciences Physics Physiology Plant Science And Agronomy Political Science And Government Pre-Law And Legal Studies Psychology Public Administration Public Policy School Student Counseling Science And Computer Teacher Education Secondary Teacher Education Social Psychology Social Science Or History Teacher Education Social Work Sociology Soil Science Special Needs Education Statistics And Decision Science Studio Arts Teacher Education: Multiple Levels Theology And Religious Vocations Transportation Sciences And Technologies Treatment Therapy Professions United States History Visual And Performing Arts Zoology
Female -0.48 -2.16 1.90 -6.00 -2.72 -4.11 2.50 2.72 -1.62 -2.84 -2.15 1.97 2.41 4.20 -2.28 -2.54 -0.47 -2.11 0.92 -2.95 1.44 -2.28 -0.17 -2.22 -0.99 -3.94 4.04 1.55 1.43 5.96 -0.81 2.09 2.26 1.57 -4.50 -3.71 -3.82 -2.92 -4.88 -3.23 -5.89 0.96 5.04 -4.56 -1.12 -0.69 0.65 6.14 1.40 -2.03 2.96 5.52 -6.75 -4.16 -2.26 4.05 -3.49 -6.45 -3.30 2.55 -0.78 0.56 4.63 -1.61 -2.58 1.77 3.13 -6.00 2.45 -0.94 -1.10 3.09 -3.70 2.57 1.34 2.60 -2.65 -2.93 -1.77 -1.79 2.99 -0.10 -1.86 2.22 3.49 4.07 2.67 -1.58 3.94 -6.08 -4.74 2.87 2.47 1.57 0.91 2.72 5.12 1.80 6.91 2.75 -3.25 1.86 -0.46 -3.20 -2.98 -2.17 -5.36 1.50 -6.60 -7.83 6.19 3.52 -4.85 1.79 -3.60 -6.16 1.44 0.97 -2.24 0.98 -4.18 -5.08 -1.35 4.28 4.55 1.09 1.15 -0.34 3.02 -0.36 -1.84 -8.90 0.82 -6.48 1.90 4.29 4.42 1.50 -3.17 1.16 -6.27 3.62 2.41 -2.10 -0.60 0.21 0.36 -1.95 0.65 -2.44 -1.99 2.82 3.22 -0.60 1.50 6.05 2.47 1.34 2.69 -0.39 4.95 1.09 -4.86 3.98 -0.51 1.79 3.94 -2.30 -6.05 2.58 -1.85 3.58 2.36
Male -0.04 2.82 -2.55 7.68 3.73 5.11 -3.38 -3.46 1.78 4.16 2.32 -2.63 -2.76 -5.44 3.04 3.43 0.26 2.83 -1.32 3.70 -2.22 3.44 0.54 2.92 1.19 5.26 -5.43 -1.66 -1.42 -7.53 1.31 -2.30 -3.25 -2.23 6.03 4.61 5.19 3.83 6.17 4.41 8.05 -1.71 -7.34 5.41 0.87 1.23 -0.83 -7.68 -1.53 2.34 -4.02 -6.42 8.52 5.37 3.14 -5.79 4.69 8.28 3.93 -2.90 0.70 -0.66 -6.20 1.34 3.19 -2.20 -3.51 7.67 -2.62 1.29 0.89 -3.53 4.37 -3.07 -1.82 -2.83 3.13 3.83 2.42 2.45 -3.82 -1.24 2.34 -3.33 -4.27 -5.78 -3.58 2.39 -4.88 7.86 5.97 -3.13 -3.02 -1.39 -1.07 -2.97 -6.12 -1.73 -8.55 -3.47 3.63 -1.87 -0.03 3.96 4.11 2.30 6.88 -2.13 8.27 10.14 -7.67 -4.19 6.04 -1.86 4.27 8.04 -1.41 -1.05 2.70 -1.31 4.99 6.12 1.74 -5.07 -5.95 -1.80 -1.18 0.83 -3.62 0.80 2.11 10.97 -1.28 8.41 -3.61 -5.35 -5.31 -1.88 3.31 -1.14 8.05 -4.88 -3.12 2.72 0.89 -0.51 -1.45 3.11 -0.38 2.88 2.18 -3.67 -3.68 0.08 -2.01 -8.18 -3.36 -1.18 -3.63 0.94 -6.14 -2.16 5.88 -5.45 1.78 -1.84 -5.38 2.95 7.30 -3.08 2.63 -4.18 -2.94
Nonbinary 1.71 -0.84 0.94 -1.88 -1.56 -0.86 1.30 0.80 0.32 -2.35 0.52 0.91 -0.14 1.51 -1.06 -1.31 0.81 -1.02 0.69 -0.74 1.50 -2.19 -0.96 -0.94 -0.11 -1.87 2.02 -0.43 -0.71 1.60 -1.02 -0.38 1.71 1.15 -2.20 -0.78 -2.06 -1.19 -1.34 -1.80 -3.28 1.68 4.09 -0.26 1.23 -1.18 0.19 1.44 -0.28 0.08 1.60 -0.08 -1.81 -1.44 -1.39 2.99 -1.73 -2.11 -0.22 -0.21 0.61 0.03 2.26 1.54 -0.51 0.37 -0.39 -1.87 -0.70 -0.55 1.10 -0.21 -0.14 0.20 0.73 -0.57 -0.10 -1.16 -0.99 -1.01 0.92 3.83 -0.49 2.09 0.57 2.91 1.29 -1.53 0.79 -2.16 -1.22 -0.63 0.39 -1.25 0.03 -0.59 0.39 -1.06 1.36 0.72 0.48 -0.86 1.58 -0.63 -1.78 0.66 -1.76 1.07 -1.61 -2.80 1.27 0.25 -1.05 -0.65 -0.21 -2.39 -0.74 -0.22 -0.24 0.48 -0.33 -0.54 -0.48 0.19 1.81 1.49 -0.46 -1.23 0.24 -1.08 0.10 -1.64 0.90 -2.38 3.92 0.96 0.42 0.35 1.10 -0.61 -2.05 1.86 0.87 -0.75 -0.52 0.77 2.90 -2.36 -1.08 -0.10 0.42 1.07 -0.22 1.74 0.73 3.15 1.32 -1.08 1.38 -1.34 1.03 2.49 -0.56 2.26 -3.33 -0.72 2.18 -0.72 -0.68 0.21 -1.34 0.01 0.55

X-squared = 5425.7226, df = 344, p = < 2.2e-16

correlation_table(majors_demographics$gender, majors_demographics$division)
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Female 4693 5524 3857 12809 8092 19309
Male 3789 2771 1741 8071 4486 18987
Nonbinary 447 505 363 1134 815 1758
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM Total n
Female 8.6 10.2 7.1 23.6 14.9 35.6 100 54284
Male 9.5 7.0 4.4 20.3 11.3 47.7 100 39845
Nonbinary 8.9 10.1 7.2 22.6 16.2 35.0 100 5022
All 9.0 8.9 6.0 22.2 13.5 40.4 100 99151
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM All
Female 52.6 62.8 64.7 58.2 60.4 48.2 54.7
Male 42.4 31.5 29.2 36.7 33.5 47.4 40.2
Nonbinary 5.0 5.7 6.1 5.2 6.1 4.4 5.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 8929.0 8800.0 5961.0 22014.0 13393.0 40054.0 99151.0
Business Education Health Liberal Arts Social Sciences STEM
Female -2.80 10.17 10.39 6.89 8.87 -17.69
Male 3.35 -12.87 -13.37 -8.25 -12.22 22.79
Nonbinary -0.25 2.81 3.51 0.57 5.25 -6.01

X-squared = 1834.7965, df = 10, p = < 2.2e-16

Gender

Since Gender was the only demographic with a statistically significant correlation it requires further investigation.

We examine both the observed percent female and the expected percent female based on the data from Big Economics.

Gender was the only demographic that was explicitly tied to majors thus we expect to see gender distribution across majors align with the real world data.

gender_by_major <- majors_demographics[,c(2,5)] |>
  group_by(major) |>
  mutate(percent_male = sum(gender == "Male")/n()) |>
  mutate(percent_female = sum(gender == "Female")/n()) |>
  mutate(percent_nonbinary = sum(gender == "Nonbinary")/n()) |>
  mutate(percent_gender_minority = 1-percent_male) |>
  distinct(major, .keep_all = TRUE) |>
  ungroup() |>
  select(-gender) |>
  drop_na() |>
  arrange(major) |>
  # Join the Major Counts dataset
  left_join(major_counts, join_by(major))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test comparing the observed percent female and expected percent female for each major.

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
observed_gxm <- as.matrix(gender_by_major[,3])
expected_gxm <- as.matrix(gender_by_major[,6])

chisq.test(x = observed_gxm, p = expected_gxm / sum(expected_gxm))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  observed_gxm
## X-squared = 10.418, df = 172, p-value = 1

Since the p-value of the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test is one this means that there is a 100% probability the null hypothesis is true. Thus, the data generation code worked as intended and distribution of genders across majors that matches empirical data. This graph shows each major and compares its observed percent female vs what was expected based on the national data.

# Calculate the Regression line
reg<-lm(national_percent_female ~ percent_female, data = gender_by_major)

# Make ggplot graph
p <- gender_by_major |>
  mutate(percent_female = round(percent_female, 3)) |>
  
  # Make tooltip text
    mutate(text = paste("Major: ", major, "\nNumber of Majors: ", major_count, "\nNational Percent Female: ", national_percent_female, "\nObserved Percent Female: ", percent_female, "\nNational Popularity Ranking: ", national_popularity_ranking, sep="")) |>
  
  # Make ggplot
  ggplot(aes(x = percent_female,
           y = national_percent_female,
           color = division,
           text=text)) +
  geom_point() +
  theme_classic() +
  scale_color_viridis(discrete=TRUE, guide=FALSE) +
  labs(x = "Observed Percent Female",
       y = "Expected Percent Female",
       color = "Major Division") +
  # Add line for y=x, the expected regression line
  geom_abline(intercept = 0, slope = 1,
              color="gray",
              linetype="dashed") +
  # Add line for the observed regression line
  geom_abline(intercept = reg$coefficients[1], slope = reg$coefficients[2],
              color="black",
              linetype="dashed")+
  xlim(0,1) +
  ylim(0,1)

# Make the plot interactive with ggplotly
ggplotly(p, tooltip="text")

Here is a more interactive graph showing the same data. The graph was inspired by r-graph-gallery.

# Interactive Plot
p <- gender_by_major |>
  mutate(percent_female = round(percent_female, 3)) |>
  
  # Reorder countries to having big bubbles on top
  arrange(desc(major_count)) |>
  mutate(major = factor(major, major)) |>
  
  # Make tooltip text
  mutate(text = paste("Major: ", major, "\nNumber of Majors: ", major_count, "\nNational Percent Female: ", national_percent_female, "\nObserved Percent Female: ", percent_female, "\nNational Popularity Ranking: ", national_popularity_ranking, sep="")) |>
  
  # Create ggplot
  ggplot( aes(x=percent_female,
              y=national_percent_female,
              size = major_count,
              color = division,
              text=text)) +
  geom_point(alpha=0.7) +
  scale_size(range = c(1.4, 19), name="Number of Majors") +
  scale_color_viridis(discrete=TRUE, guide=FALSE) +
  theme_ipsum() +
  labs(x = "Observed Percent Female",
       y = "Expected Percent Female") +
  xlim(0,1) +
  ylim(0,1)

# Turn ggplot interactive with plotly
pp <- ggplotly(p, tooltip="text")
pp

Major Domination by Gender

In this section, we examine the top ten majors with the highest percentage of people who identify as men, women, and minoritized genders.

Male Dominated

This graph shows the top 10 majors dominated by men.

major_gender_dominated_graph(gender_by_major, percent_male, "Percent Male", "Top Male Dominated Majors")

Female Dominated

This graph shows the top 10 majors dominated by women.

major_gender_dominated_graph(gender_by_major, percent_female, "Percent Female", "Top Female Dominated Majors")

Minoritized Gender Dominated

This graph shows the top 10 majors dominated by gender minorities (Women and Nonbinary People).

major_gender_dominated_graph(gender_by_major, percent_gender_minority, "Percent Gender Minority", "Top Gender Minority Dominated Majors")

Major vs Course Subjects

m_v_cs_df0 <- dataset |>
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$major, "major")) |>
  mutate(major = NULL)

m_v_cs_df1 <- make_demographic_dataframe(m_v_cs_df0, c("major_1", "major_2"), "major", dem_cols = c(3:6,16), rm.na = TRUE, list("course_subjects")) |>
  group_by(major) |>
  # Remove students without a major
  mutate(major = case_when(major == "" ~ NA, .default = major)) |>
  drop_na() |>
  ungroup()

m_v_cs_df1 <- m_v_cs_df1|>
  # Previous Course Subjects
  cbind(split_into_multiple(m_v_cs_df1$course_subjects, "course_subjects")) |>
  mutate(course_subjects = NULL)

m_v_cs_df2 <- make_demographic_dataframe(m_v_cs_df1, c(6:10), "course_subjects", dem_cols = c(1:5), rm.na = TRUE, list("major")) |>
  group_by(course_subjects) |>
  # Remove students without who have taken no courses
  mutate(course_subjects = case_when(course_subjects == "" ~ NA, .default = course_subjects)) |>
  drop_na() |>
  ungroup()

chisq.test(m_v_cs_df2$major, m_v_cs_df2$course_subjects)
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  m_v_cs_df2$major and m_v_cs_df2$course_subjects
## X-squared = 467215, df = 42828, p-value < 2.2e-16

Learning Style

The code used in my summer research to determine the learning style(s) for each student (observation) is shown here. Notice that no features are direct inputs to the function. Here are the demographics generated for each student:

  • Ethnoracial Group
  • Gender
  • International Student Status
  • Socioeconomic Status

The function assigned a learning style based on the real world distribution of learning styles taken from Looney & Yannelis (2018).

 def generate_learning_style(self):
        """
        Generate a learning style for the student.
        :return: A learning style.
        """
        learning_style = [self.assign_demographic(self.learning_style_stats, self.learning_style_dist)]
        if np.random.rand() < 0.1:
            extra_style = self.assign_demographic(self.learning_style_stats, self.learning_style_dist)
            if extra_style not in learning_style:
                learning_style.append(extra_style)
        return learning_style

Learning Style Demographics

First, we need to generate the learning_style_demographics using the make_demographic_dataframe function. Then, we compare the expected percentage of people with specific learning styles and the observed percent of people with specific learning styles.

# Make the Learning Style Demographics Dataset
learning_style_demographics <- make_demographic_dataframe(dataset_split, c("learning_style_1", "learning_style_2"), "learning_style", rm.na = TRUE) 

# Make the Counts Dataset
learning_style_counts <- chisq_df_generation(learning_style_demographics, .column = learning_style, expected_percent = c(23.56, 28.01, 21.16, 27.27))

This is the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test comparing the observed percent female and expected percent female for each major.

# Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test
chisq.test(x = learning_style_counts$observed_percent, p = learning_style_counts$expected_percent / sum(learning_style_counts$expected_percent))
## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  learning_style_counts$observed_percent
## X-squared = 6.0338e-06, df = 3, p-value = 1

Since the p-value of the Chi Squared Goodness of Fit Test is one this means that there is a 100% probability the null hypothesis is true. Thus, the data generation code worked as intended and produced a learning style distribution that matches empirical data.

Demographic Correlations

Ethnoracial Group

correlation_table(learning_style_demographics$ethnoracial_group, learning_style_demographics$learning_style)
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
African American or Black 3362 3974 2978 3868
American Indian or Alaska Native 167 192 176 199
Asian American 1899 2259 1738 2182
European American or white 13392 16202 12170 15735
Latino/a/x American 5381 6135 4729 5975
Multiracial 1080 1259 992 1198
Pacific Islander 63 91 66 82
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual Total n
African American or Black 23.7 28.0 21.0 27.3 100 14182
American Indian or Alaska Native 22.8 26.2 24.0 27.1 100 734
Asian American 23.5 28.0 21.5 27.0 100 8078
European American or white 23.3 28.2 21.2 27.4 100 57499
Latino/a/x American 24.2 27.6 21.3 26.9 100 22220
Multiracial 23.8 27.8 21.9 26.5 100 4529
Pacific Islander 20.9 30.1 21.9 27.2 100 302
All 23.6 28.0 21.2 27.2 100 107544
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual All
African American or Black 13.3 13.2 13.0 13.2 13.2
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7
Asian American 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.5
European American or white 52.8 53.8 53.3 53.8 53.5
Latino/a/x American 21.2 20.4 20.7 20.4 20.7
Multiracial 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2
Pacific Islander 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 25344.0 30112.0 22849.0 29239.0 107544.0
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
African American or Black 0.34 0.05 -0.64 0.20
American Indian or Alaska Native -0.45 -0.94 1.61 -0.04
Asian American -0.11 -0.06 0.52 -0.30
European American or white -1.36 0.81 -0.42 0.82
Latino/a/x American 2.00 -1.10 0.12 -0.85
Multiracial 0.39 -0.26 0.96 -0.95
Pacific Islander -0.97 0.70 0.23 -0.01

X-squared = 17.428, df = 18, p = 0.4939

Gender Group

correlation_table(learning_style_demographics$gender, learning_style_demographics$learning_style)
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Female 13874 16486 12576 15968
Male 10201 12120 9134 11786
Nonbinary 1269 1506 1139 1485
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual Total n
Female 23.6 28.0 21.3 27.1 100 58904
Male 23.6 28.0 21.1 27.3 100 43241
Nonbinary 23.5 27.9 21.1 27.5 100 5399
All 23.6 28.0 21.2 27.2 100 107544
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual All
Female 54.7 54.7 55 54.6 54.8
Male 40.3 40.2 40 40.3 40.2
Nonbinary 5.0 5.0 5 5.1 5.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
n 25344.0 30112.0 22849 29239.0 107544.0
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Female -0.06 -0.05 0.55 -0.37
Male 0.11 0.11 -0.55 0.27
Nonbinary -0.09 -0.15 -0.24 0.45

X-squared = 1.1352, df = 6, p = 0.98

International Student Status

correlation_table(learning_style_demographics$international_status, learning_style_demographics$learning_style)
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Domestic 23894 28322 21491 27497
International 1450 1790 1358 1742
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual Total n
Domestic 23.6 28.0 21.2 27.2 100 101204
International 22.9 28.2 21.4 27.5 100 6340
All 23.6 28.0 21.2 27.2 100 107544
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual All
Domestic 94.3 94.1 94.1 94 94.1
International 5.7 5.9 5.9 6 5.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
n 25344.0 30112.0 22849.0 29239 107544.0
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Domestic 0.29 -0.09 -0.07 -0.11
International -1.14 0.35 0.30 0.44

X-squared = 1.8158, df = 3, p = 0.6115

Socioeconomic Status

correlation_table(learning_style_demographics$socioeconomic_status, learning_style_demographics$learning_style)
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Higher income 2314 2712 1991 2563
In poverty 4992 6003 4481 5813
Lower-middle income 3700 4439 3475 4409
Middle income 9402 11141 8528 10875
Near poverty 4936 5817 4374 5579
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual Total n
Higher income 24.2 28.3 20.8 26.8 100 9580
In poverty 23.4 28.2 21.0 27.3 100 21289
Lower-middle income 23.1 27.7 21.7 27.5 100 16023
Middle income 23.5 27.9 21.3 27.2 100 39946
Near poverty 23.8 28.1 21.1 26.9 100 20706
All 23.6 28.0 21.2 27.2 100 107544
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual All
Higher income 9.1 9.0 8.7 8.8 8.9
In poverty 19.7 19.9 19.6 19.9 19.8
Lower-middle income 14.6 14.7 15.2 15.1 14.9
Middle income 37.1 37.0 37.3 37.2 37.1
Near poverty 19.5 19.3 19.1 19.1 19.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
n 25344.0 30112.0 22849.0 29239.0 107544.0
Auditory Kinesthetic Read/Write Visual
Higher income 1.19 0.57 -0.98 -0.82
In poverty -0.35 0.55 -0.63 0.33
Lower-middle income -1.24 -0.71 1.21 0.80
Middle income -0.12 -0.41 0.45 0.14
Near poverty 0.81 0.25 -0.38 -0.67

X-squared = 10.1437, df = 12, p = 0.6034

Learning Style vs Course Types

ls_v_ct_df0 <- dataset |>
  cbind(split_into_multiple(dataset$learning_style, "learning_style")) |>
  mutate(learning_style = NULL) |>
  mutate(learning_style_1 = as.factor(learning_style_1)) |>
  mutate(learning_style_2 = as.factor(learning_style_2))

ls_v_ct_df1 <- make_demographic_dataframe(ls_v_ct_df0, c("learning_style_1", "learning_style_2"), "learning_style", dem_cols = c(3:6,15), rm.na = TRUE, list("course_types"))

ls_v_ct_df1 <- ls_v_ct_df1|>
  # Previous Course Types
  cbind(split_into_multiple(ls_v_ct_df1$course_types, "course_types")) |>
  mutate(course_types = NULL)

ls_v_ct_df2 <- make_demographic_dataframe(ls_v_ct_df1, c(6:39), "course_types", dem_cols = c(1:5), rm.na = TRUE, list("learning_style")) |>
  group_by(course_types) |>
  # Remove students who have not taken any courses
  mutate(course_types = case_when(course_types == "" ~ NA, .default = course_types)) |>
  drop_na() |>
  ungroup()

chisq.test(ls_v_ct_df2$learning_style, ls_v_ct_df2$course_types)
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  ls_v_ct_df2$learning_style and ls_v_ct_df2$course_types
## X-squared = 367.28, df = 444, p-value = 0.9967

References

Asai, S. (2020). Dict: R6 based key-value dictionary implementation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Dict
Economics, B. (2024). College majors explorer. https://bigeconomics.org/college-majors-explorer/.
Looney, A., & Yannelis, C. (2018). Understanding the college completion gap: A review of research. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1192524.pdf.
Ooms, J. (2014). The jsonlite package: A practical and consistent mapping between JSON data and r objects. arXiv:1403.2805 [Stat.CO]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2805